PD BIO 305 > Endocrine 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine 1 Flashcards

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2
Q

The endocrine system consists of endocrine ______ that secrete _______ into the blood. They are then transported to _____ ____.

A
  1. GLANDS
  2. HORMONES
  3. TARGET CELLS
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3
Q

What changes do hormones generally have on target cells?

A

METABOLIC ACTIVITY CHANGES

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4
Q

Comparatively speaking, what are the differences between the action of HORMONES and the action of NERVE IMPULSES?

A
  1. HORMONES = SLOW W/ PROLONGED EFFECTS

2. NERVE IMPULSES = FAST W/ SHORT DURATION

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5
Q

What is endocrinology the study of?

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

HORMONES THE GLANDS SECRETE

EFFECTS THAT THEY HAVE ON THEIR TARGET CELLS/TARGET TISSUES

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6
Q

There are 9 different endocrine glands in the body. What are they?

(* [A/P-P], T, PT, P, AC, AM, Ov, Te)

A
  1. ANTERIOR PITUITARY
  2. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
  3. THYROID
  4. PARATHYROID
  5. PANCREAS
  6. ADRENAL CORTEX
  7. ADRENAL MEDULLA
  8. OVARIES
  9. TESTES
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7
Q

The ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ produces/secretes ‘8 hormones’. What are the hormones?

(*FLAT PEGM)

A
  1. FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
  2. LH (LUTEINIZING HORMONE)
  3. ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE)
  4. TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE)
  5. PRL (PROLACTIN or Luteotropin)
  6. *Endorphins (DON’T NEED TO KNOW FOR CLASS)
  7. GH (GROWTH HORMONE or HGH)
  8. MSH (MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE)
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8
Q

The ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ produces/secretes 8 hormones. What is the GENERAL NAME given to these 8 hormones?

A

TROPIC HORMONES

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9
Q

What are the primary effects of the hormones secreted from the ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ gland?

(*There are 2)

A
  1. STIMULATE GROWTH / DEVELOPMENT OF ‘TARGET ORGANS’.

2. STIMULATE SECRETION OF OTHER ‘HORMONES’

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10
Q

The ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ secretes ‘2 hormones’. What are the hormones?

A
  1. OXYTOCIN

2. ADH (ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE)

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11
Q

The hormones secreted from the ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ gland are:

  1. Oxytocin
  2. ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body?

A
  1. ADH = WATER RETENTION

2. OXYTOCIN = STIMULATES UTERINE CONTRACTIONS / MAMMARY SECRETION

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12
Q

The ‘THYROID’ gland produces/secretes 2 hormones. What are the hormones?

A
  1. (T4) - THYROXINE

2. CALCITONIN

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13
Q

The hormones secreted from the ‘THYROID’ gland are:

  1. T4 - Thyorxine
  2. Calcitonin

What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body?

A
  1. T4 - Thyroxine = INCREASES METABOLISM

2. CALCITONIN = LOWERS PLASMA CALCIUM

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14
Q

The ‘PARATHYROID’ gland produces/secretes 1 hormone. What is the hormone?

A
  1. PARATHYROID HORMONE
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15
Q

What is the primary effect of the hormone secreted from the ‘PARATHYROID’ gland?

(*There is only 1)

A
  1. INCREASES PLASMA CALCIUM
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16
Q

The ‘PANCREAS’ gland produces/secretes 2 hormones. What are the hormones?

A
  1. INSULIN

2. GLUCAGON

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17
Q

he hormones secreted from the ‘PANCREAS’ gland are:

  1. INSULIN
  2. GLUCAGON

What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body? (*2 of them)

A
  1. INSULIN = LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE

2. GLUCAGON = RASIES BLOOD GLUCOSE

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18
Q

The ‘ADRENAL CORTEX’ secretes ‘2 hormones’. What are the hormones?

A
  1. GLUCOCORTICOIDS

2. MINDERALCORTICOIDS

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19
Q

The hormones secreted from the ‘ADRENAL CORTEX’ gland are:

  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Mineralcorticoids

What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body? (*2 of them)

A
  1. GLUCOCORTICOIDS = METABOLISM REGULATION

2. MINERALCORTICOIDS = PROMOTE SODIUM RETENTION

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20
Q

The ‘ADRENAL MEDULLA’ secretes ‘1 hormone’. What is the hormone?

A
  1. EPINEPHRINE
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21
Q

The hormone secreted from the ‘ADRENAL MEDULLA’ gland is:

  1. Epinephrine

What is the primary effect of this hormone on the body? (*Only 1)

A
  1. ADRENERGIC STIMLUATION
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22
Q

The ‘OVARIES’ secrete ‘2 hormones’. What are the hormones?

A
  1. ESTROGENS

2. PROGESTERONE

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23
Q

The hormones secreted from the ‘OVARIES’ gland are:

  1. Estrogens
  2. Progesterone

What are the primary effects of these hormone on the body? (*2 of them)

A
  1. ESTROGEN = MAINTAIN FEMALE GENITAL TRACT AND PROMOTE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
  2. PROGESTERONE = PREPARE ENDOMETRIUM FOR IMPLANTATION
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24
Q

The ‘TESTES’ secrete ‘1 hormone’. What is the hormone?

A
  1. TESTOSTERONE
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25
Q

The hormone secreted from the ‘TESTES’ gland is:

  1. Testosterone

What are the primary effects of this hormone on the body? (*2 of them)

A
  1. PROMOTE MALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

2. PRODUCTION OF SPERMATOZOA

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26
The transport of hormones (most steroids) in blood are carried by WHAT?
CARRIER PROTEINS
27
Why are hormones (most steroids) that are carried through the blood UNABLE to pass through capillary walls?
THEY ARE ATTACHED TO CARRIER PROTEINS
28
True or False: Hormones are usually present in very HIGH concentrations?
FALSE: HORMONES ARE PRESENT IN 'LOW' CONCENTRATIONS.
29
How do HORMONES influence their target cells?
CHEMICALLY BINDING TO: 1) INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS 2) GLYCOPROTEIN MOLECULES (RECEPTORS)
30
Hormones can only bind to specific cells. Why?
ONLY TARGET CELLS FOR A CERTAIN HORMONE HAVE 'RECEPTORS' THAT BIND AND RECOGNIZE THAT HORMONE.
31
On average, how many RECEPTORS for a certain hormone does a TARGET CELL have?
2,000 - 10,000 RECEPTORS
32
What happens when a HORMONE is present in excess?
NUMBER OF 'TARGET CELL' RECEPTORS MAY DECREASE
33
What is 'DOWN-REGULATION'?
HORMONE IN EXCESS = TARGET CELL 'RECEPTOR' DECREASE
34
What is 'UP-REGULATION'?
HORMONE IN DEFICIT = TARGET CELL 'RECEPTOR' INCREASE
35
What happens when a HORMONE is deficient?
NUMBER OF 'TARGET CELLS' RECEPTORS MAY INCREASE
36
What are the effects of 'UP-REGULATION'?
TARGET TISSUE = 'MORE' SENSITIVE TO A HORMONE
37
All 'STEROID HORMONES' are also what type of molecule?
LIPIDS
38
What are all 'STEROID HORMONES' are derived from?
CHOLESTEROL
39
What are the benefits/reasons for why 'STEROID HORMONES' are also LIPIDS?
LIPID SOLUBLE CAN CROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE QUICKLY. ALLOW RAPID ENTRANCE TO CELLS
40
What are some examples of 'STEROID HORMONES'? (*There are 5 of them)
1. ESTROGENS 2. PROGESTERONE 3. TESTOSTERONE 4. ALDOSTERONE 5. CORTISOL
41
What are 'BIOGENIC AMINES'?
A FORM OF 'STEROIDS'
42
How are 'BIOGENIC AMINES' made?
SYNTHESIZING AMINO ACIDS
43
What are some examples of 'BIOGENIC AMINE' hormones? (*There are 4 of them)
1. T3/T4 2. EPINEPHRINE 3. HISTAMINE 4. SEROTONIN
44
How many 'iodines' are there in T4? T3?
1. T4 = 4 Iodines | 2. T3 = 3 Iodines
45
Where are 'PEPTIDE/PROTEIN' hormones synthesized?
ROUGH E.R.
46
'PEPTIDE/PROTEIN' hormones consist of approximately how many chains of 'AMINO ACIDS'?
3-200 AMINO ACIDS
47
What are some examples of 'PEPTIDE/PROTEIN' hormones? (*There are 6 of them)
1. OXYTOCIN 2. ADH 3. PARATHYROID HORMONE 4. CALCITONIN 5. CCK 6. GASTRIN
48
What are the three sub-units of G-proteins?
1. Alpha 2. Beta 3. Gamma
49
What are the functions of G-proteins? (*There are 3 of them)
1. MOLECULAR 'SWITCHES' between Inactive GDP/Active GTP 2. STIMULATE cAMP 3. SHUTTLE BETWEEN RECEPTORS/DIFFICULT MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
50
In 'NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY' the brain sends out commands in two different ways. What are the 2 ways?
1. ELECTRICAL - Nervous System | 2. CHEMICAL - Endocrine System
51
There are 5 general characteristics of 'HORMONES'. What are they?
1. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATORS 2. EFFECTIVE IN SMALL QTY. 3. SYNTHESIZED BY LIVING CELLS 4. *SECRETED/CARRIED BY BLOOD 5. INITIATE SPECIFIC ACTIONS *Some exceptions to this (i.e., NOREPHINEPHRINE)
52
True or False: 'HORMONES' secreted/carried by blood CAN affect target organs that are distant from site of synthesis.
TRUE THEY 'CAN' AFFECT DISTANT TARGET ORGANS FROM SITE OF SYNTHESIS.
53
One of the general characteristics of 'HORMONES' is 'INITIATE SPECIFIC ACTIONS'. There are 4 ways it can do this. What are they?
1. AFFECT MEMBRANE TRANSPORT (i.e., INSULIN) 2. AFFECT RNA SYNTHESIS 3. AFFECT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 4. ACT AS COENZYMES
54
What is an example of an 'EXCEPTION' of a hormone that is NOT secreted/carried by blood?
NOREPINEPHRINE | Both Hormone/Neuro-transmitter
55
What regulates the secretion of endocrine glands?
BRAIN
56
What regulates the CNS to modify brain functions with regards to 'ENDOCRINE' functions?
HORMONES
57
What is 'NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY' defined as?
STUDY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM/ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
58
What is considered to be the 'MASTER GLAND' of the body?
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
59
The 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' has the microscopic structure of what?
ENDOCRINE GLAND | ANT - END
60
The 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY' has the structure of what?
NERVE TISSUE | POST - NERVE
61
Where are the 2 hormones that are released from the 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY' made?
HYPOTHALAMUS
62
The 2 hormones released from the 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY' are made from what 'cells'?
NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN HYPOTHALAMUS
63
How are the 2 hormones made in the 'HYPOTHALAMUS' transported to the 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY'?
AXONS OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS
64
The 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' is regulated by substances that are made by what part of the brain?
HYPOTHALAMUS
65
The 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' is regulated by the releasing of 2 types of hormones from the 'HYPOTHALAMUS' that affect the release of other ANTERIOR PITUITARY hormones. What are the 2 TYPES of hormones and what do they do?
1. RELEASING HORMONES (STIMULATE) | 2. INHIBITORY HORMONES (INHIBIT)
66
There are 3 hormones that are made in the 'HYPOTHALAMUS' to regulate the 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' by STIMULATING it. What are the 3 hormones?
1. CRH 2. TRH 3. GnRH or LHRH
67
There is 1 hormone that is made in the 'HYPOTHALAMUS' to regulate the 'ANTERIOR PITUITARY' by INHIBITING it. What is the hormone?
1. GIH or Somatostatin
68
What does CRH do?
STIMULATE 'ACTH' SECRETION
69
What does TRH do?
STIMULATE 'TSH' SECRETION AND some 'PROLACTIN' 'Thyrotropin'
70
What does GnRH or (LHRH) do?
STIMULATES 'FSH'/'LH' SECRETION. 'Gonads'
71
TRUE OR FALSE: It is possible to separate LH/FSH releasing activities?
FALSE: LH/FSH releasing activities are not possible to separate YET.
72
What does GIH or (Somatostatin) do?
INHIBIT 'GROWTH HORMONE (HGH)' SECRETION
73
Cortisol (released from adrenal cortex) may inhibit the release of ____ in the higher brain centers?
CRH
74
GROWTH HORMONE is also known as what?
SOMATOTROPIN
75
How does 'GROWTH HORMONE' work? (*There are 2 reasons)
1. STIMULATES UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS INTO CELLS | 2. STIMULATES GROWTH OF LONG BONES AND SOFT TISSUES
76
What causes long bones to stop growing?
EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE VIA PUBERTY (SEX HORMONE PRESENCE)
77
True or False: Growth Hormone is synthesized from a LARGER precursor peptide.
TRUE Synthesized from a LARGER precursor peptide
78
There are 2 disorders that can occur when excess HGH is present. What are the 2 disorders and what defines them?
1. GIGANTISM - Excess HGH before puberty | 2. ACROMEGALY - Excess HGH post-puberty in adults.
79
Acromegaly/Gigantism are almost always due to what two factors?
PITUITARY ADENOMA (Main) ECTOPIC GRH SECRETION
80
What are the symptoms of ACROMEGALY? (*There are 8 of them)
1. OVERGROWTH OF BONE (SKULL/MANDIBLE) 2. THICK/PUFFY NOSE 3. LARGE EARS 4. LARGE TONGUE 5. LARGE HANDS 6. INCREASED SWEATING 7. FATIGUE 8. WEIGHT GAIN
81
What are the possible treatments of 'ACROMEGALY'? (*There are 3 of them)
1. Transsphenoidal microsurgery 2. Radiotherapy 3. Medicinal Management
82
What is 'PITUITARY DWARFISM'?
LACK OF GH or GRH before puberty. May be caused by a 'HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY TUMOR'
83
What are the symptoms of 'PITUITARY DWARFISM'? (*There are 2 of them)
1. SMALL BODY W/ NORMAL PROPORTIONS | 2. MILD OBESITY W/ LACK OF APPETITE
84
How is 'PITUITARY DWARFISM' diagnosed?
1. LOW RISE IN GH POST-STIMULUS. - ARGININE - ORAL LEVODOPA - CLONIDINE
85
What is the treatment of 'PITUITARY DWARFISM'?
hGH INJECTIONS | Children over 10 may need larger doses
86
What are the effects of 'PROLACTIN'? (*There are 2)
1. STIMULATE PRODUCTION OF MILK | 2. PROMOTE BREAST DEVELOPMENT IN PREGNANCY
87
What are the effects of 'TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE)'? (*There are 2)
1. STIMULATE T4/T3 SECRETION FROM THYROID | 2. PROMOTE/MAINTAIN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID GLAND
88
What are the effects of 'FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)'? (*There are 4)
1. STIMULATE GROWTH/DEVELPOMENT OF FOLLICLE (EGG) TO MATURITY 2. STIMULATE FOLLICLE TO SECRETE 'ESTROGENS' 3. STIMULATE TESTICULAR GROWTH 4. ENHANCES CONCENTRATION OF TESTOSTERONE NEAR SPERM WHICH = INCREASED SPERMATOGENSIS
89
FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein in the 'SERTOLI CELLS'. This causes what to occur (in males)?
INCREASED CONCENTRATION OF TESTOSTERONE NEAR SPERM INCREASED SPERMATOGENSIS
90
The secretion of 'FSH' is regulated by what?
GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)
91
The secretion of 'FSH' is referred to as being ________, which is the case with many other hormones as well.
EPISODIC
92
Without this hormone, a follicle will NOT reach maturation.
FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
93
This hormone acts with 'FSH' in the development of the follicle (egg).
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
94
This hormone promotes ovulation. (Known as the "SURGE")
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
95
This hormone is responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum.
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
96
In 'males' this hormone STIMULATES production of TESTOSTERONE by the INTERSTITIAL CELLS.
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
97
Cortisol is also known as what?
GLUCOCORTICOIDS | *Synthetic Hydrocortisone
98
What are the effects of 'ACTH' (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN)? (*There are two of them)
1. MAINTAIN NORMAL GROWTH/DEVELPOMENT OF ADRENAL CORTEX | 2. STIMULATE GLUCOCORTICOID SECRETION (CORTISOL)
99
The first '1-13' amino acids of ACTH are IDENTICAL to what other hormone?
(MSH) MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE
100
'GH' promotes growth of bone in two ways. What are the two ways?
1. BONE THICKNESS | 2. BONE LENGTH
101
'GH' promotes growth of bone by stimulating the activity of these cells.
OSTEOBLASTS | BUILD
102
'GH' stimulates the proliferation of this type of cartilage. What does this do for the bones?
1. EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE | 2. MAKES SPACE FOR BONE FORMATION
103
Long bones will continue to grow as long as this happens.
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE remains cartilaginous or 'open'.
104
'GH' causes growth-promoting effect INDIRECTLY by stimulating what?
SOMATOMEDINS
105
There are 3 things that 'GH' does NOT act directly on target cells to have occur. What are the 3 things?
1. CELL DIVISION 2. ENHANCED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 3. BONE GROWTH
106
What is 'Somatomedin IGF' and what causes the release of it?
1. IGF = INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR | 2. STIMULATED BY 'GH'
107
This hormone is stimulated by 'GH' and mediates MOST of 'GH' growth-promoting activity.
IGF-I = INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR
PD BIO 305
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