PD BIO 305 > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

(153 cards)

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2
Q

The ‘SENSORY’ area is located on what part of the ‘BRAIN’?

A

BACK

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3
Q

What is the ‘LARGEST’ and ‘MOST PROMINENT’ part of the brain?

How much ‘MASS’ does it make up of the brain?

A

‘CEREBRUM’

‘80% OF THE TOTAL BRAIN MASS’

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4
Q

‘GROOVES’ or ‘VALLEYS’ located on the surface of the ‘BRAIN’ are also called what two things?

A

‘FISSURES’ or ‘SULCI’

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5
Q

The ‘BRAIN’ is separated into 3 ‘FISSURES/SULCI’. What are they?

What is their purpose?

A
  1. LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
  2. CENTRAL FISSURE
  3. LATERAL FISSURE

PURPOSE = HELP DIVIDE ‘BRAIN’ INTO LOBES

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6
Q

‘CONVOLUTIONS’ or ‘FOLDS’ on the surface of the ‘BRAIN’ are also called what?

What is the plural form of this called?

A 
GYRUS = SINGULAR
GYRI = PLURAL
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7
Q

What are the 2 ‘CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES’ connected to each other by?

What is this made up of?

Why is this important?

A

‘CORPUS CALLOSUM’

MADE UP OF ‘300 MILLION’ NEURAL AXONS.

ALLOWS COMMUNICATION/COOPERATION WITH RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERES.

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8
Q

The ‘RIGHT HEMISPHERE’ is known to be connected with what type of characteristics?

(*There are 2 of them)

A
  1. CREATIVE PERCEPTION

2. ARTISTIC PERCEPTION

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9
Q

The ‘LEFT HEMISPHERE’ is known to be connected with what type of characteristics?

(*There are 3 of them)

A
  1. LOGIC
  2. ANALYTICAL ABILITY
  3. LANGUAGE
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10
Q

What are the names of the 4 ‘LOBES’ of the ‘CEREBRUM’?

A
  1. FRONTAL LOBE
  2. PARIETAL LOBE
  3. TEMPORAL LOBE
  4. OCCIPITAL LOBE
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11
Q

What are the 3 functions of the ‘FRONTAL LOBE’?

What part of the ‘BRAIN’ is it located on?

A
  1. MOTOR AREA
  2. ELABORATE THOUGHT
  3. SPEAKING ABILITY

LOCATED ON ‘CEREBRUM’

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12
Q

What are the 3 functions of the ‘PARIETAL LOBE’?

What part of the ‘BRAIN’ is it located on?

A
  1. SENSORY AREA
  2. BODY FEELINGS/TOUCH/PRESSURE/HEAT/COLD/PAIN
  3. BODY POSITIONS

LOCATED ON ‘CEREBRUM’

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13
Q

Which ‘LOBE’ of the ‘CEREBRUM’ is connected with ‘SOMESTHETIC’ and ‘PROPRIOCEPTION’ sensations?

A

‘PARIETAL LOBE’

SOMESTHETIC = SENSES IN SKIN/BODY

PROPRIOCEPTION = POSITION PERCEPTION

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14
Q

What is the sole function of the ‘TEMPORAL LOBE’?

What part of the ‘BRAIN’ is it located on?

A

HEARING

LOCATED ON ‘CEREBRUM’

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15
Q

What is the sole function of the ‘OCCIPITAL LOBE’?

What part of the ‘BRAIN’ is it located on?

A

VISUAL INPUT

LOCATED ON ‘CEREBRUM’

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16
Q

What is the ‘CEREBRAL CORTEX’?

Where is it located?

A

GRAY MATTER (6 LAYERS OF NEURONS)

LOCATED ON THE ‘OUTER PORTION’ OF THE ‘CEREBRUM’ (3/16”)

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17
Q

What are the 6 ‘various’ ‘FUNCTIONS’ of the ‘CEREBRUM’?

A
  1. ALL ‘CONSCIOUS’ FUNCTIONS
  2. INTERPRETATIONS OF SENSATIONS
  3. UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE
  4. INTELLIGENCE
  5. MEMORY
  6. EMOTIONAL FEELINGS
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18
Q

The ‘THALAMUS’ is located ‘right’ next to what other part of the ‘BRAIN’?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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19
Q

The ‘THALAMUS’ has 4 main functions. What are they?

A
  1. CRUDE SENSATION OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE, TOUCH
  2. PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS
  3. COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION
  4. IS A ‘RELAY CENTER’
    (RECEIVES ‘ALL’ SENSORY INPUT EXCEPT FOR ‘SMELL’.
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20
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is considered to be the ‘RELAY CENTER’?

A

‘THALAMUS’

*RELAY CENTER = RECEIVES ‘ALL’ SENSORY INPUT (EXCEPT FOR SMELL) AND RELAYS TO ‘SENSORY CORTEX’

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21
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with the ‘RECOGNITION OF CRUDE SENSATIONS OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE AND TOUCH’?

A

THALAMUS

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22
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with ‘PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS’?

A

THALAMUS

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23
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with ‘COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION’?

A

THALAMUS

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24
Q

What are the 4 functions of the ‘HYPOTHALAMUS’?

A
  1. CONTROLS THE ‘PITUITARY’
  2. WATER BALANCE
  3. APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE
  4. BODY TEMPERATURE
  5. INDIRECT/DIRECT INPUTS TO ‘AUTONOMIC’ NERVOUS SYSTEM
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25
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with ‘CONTROLLING THE PITUITARY’?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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25
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'WATER BALANCE'?
HYPOTHALAMUS VIA 'ADH' (ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE)
26
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'APPETITE/FOOD INTAKE'?
HYPOTHALAMUS
27
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is connected with 'BODY TEMPERATURE'?
'HYPOTHALAMUS'
28
Which part of the 'BRAIN' has 'DIRECT/INDIRECT INPUTS TO THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM'?
'HYPOTHALAMUS'
28
The 'CEREBELLUM' (*NOT CEREBRUM!) has 3 main functions. What are they?
1. CONTROL MUSCLE ACTION 2. POSTURAL REFLEXES 3. EQUILIBRIUM
29
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'CONTROLLING MUSCLE ACTION'?
'CEREBELLUM' PLANS AND EXECUTES VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENTS
30
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'POSTURAL REFLEXES'?
'CEREBELLUM'
31
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'EQUILIBRIUM'?
'CEREBELLUM'
32
What are the 6 basic functions of the 'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'?
1. CONTROLS HEART RATE 2. CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE 3. CONTROLS RESPIRATIONS 4. REFLEXES OF 'VOMITING' 5. COUGHING 6. HICCUPING
33
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'CONTROLLING HEART RATE'?
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
34
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL'?
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
35
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'RESPIRATION CONTROL'?
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
36
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'REFLEXES IN VOMITING'?
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
37
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'COUGHING'?
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
38
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is responsible for 'HICCUPING'?
'MEDULLA OBLONGATA'
39
What is the 'FUNCTION' of the 'PONS'?
CENTER FOR 'CRANIAL NERVES' 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th 'CRANIAL NERVES'
40
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is the 'CENTER FOR THE 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th CRANIAL NERVES'?
'PONS'
41
What two parts of the 'BRAIN' are responsible/center for half of the 'CRANIAL NERVES'? (*6 of the 12 CRANIAL NERVES)
1. PONS | 2. MIDBRAIN
42
What is the 'FUNCTION' of the 'MIDBRAIN'?
CENTER FOR 'CRANIAL NERVES' 3rd and 4th
43
Which part of the 'BRAIN' is the 'CENTER FOR THE 3rd and 4th CRANIAL NERVES'?
'MIDBRAIN'
44
The 'BRAIN STEM' can be separated into what 3 parts?
1. MEDULLA 2. PONS 3. MIDBRAIN
45
The 'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER' has 3 main functions. What are they?
1. OVERALL DEGREE OF ALERTNESS 2. WAKEFULNESS 3. SLEEP
46
Which part of the 'BRAIN STEM' is responsible for the 'OVERALL DEGREE OF ALERTNESS'?
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
47
Which part of the 'BRAIN STEM' is responsible for 'WAKEFULNESS'?
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
47
Which part of the 'BRAIN STEM' is responsible for 'SLEEP'?
'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
48
'GENERAL ANESTHETICS' suppress 'NEURONS' in what part of the 'BRAIN'? What is this area called?
'BRAIN STEM' 'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER'
49
TRUE OR FALSE 'DAMAGE' OF NEURONS IN THE 'RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER' MAY LEAD TO A COMA.
TRUE DAMAGE TO NEURONS IN THE 'RAC' (RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER) MAY LEAD TO A COMA
50
All of the 'CRANIAL NERVES' supply the 'HEAD' and 'NECK' except for one. What is the name of that 'CRANIAL NERVE'? What does it supply?
'VAGUS NERVE' SUPPLIES ORGANS IN THE 'THORACIC/ABDOMINAL CAVITIES'
51
Which 'NERVE' is considered to be the 'MAJOR NERVE' of the 'PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM'? What percentage of 'PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES' does this nerve supply?
'VAGUS NERVE' SUPPLIES 80% OF ALL PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES
52
How many pairs of 'SPINAL NERVES' are there?
31 PAIRS OF 'SPINAL NERVES'
53
'SPINAL NERVES' can be separated into 5 groups of nerves. What are the 5 groups? (*In order from TOP to BOTTOM of the SPINAL CORD)
1. CERVICAL (NECK) 2. THORACIC (CHEST) 3. LUMBAR (ABDOMINAL) 4. SACRAL (PELVIC) 5. COCCYGEAL (TAILBONE)
54
How many 'CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES' are there? What does it supply?
8 CERVICAL NERVES 'NECK'
55
How many 'THORACIC SPINAL NERVES' are there? What does it supply?
12 THORACIC NERVES 'CHEST'
56
How many 'LUMBAR SPINAL NERVES' are there? What does it supply?
5 LUMBAR NERVES 'ABDOMINAL'
57
How many 'SACRAL SPINAL NERVES' are there? What does it supply?
5 SACRAL NERVES PELVIS
58
How many 'COCCYGEAL SPINAL NERVES' are there? What does it supply?
ONLY '1' COCCYGEAL NERVE TAILBONE
59
Towards the 'lower' vertebral canal. There is a 'THICK BUNDLE OF ELONGATED NERVE ROOTS'. What is this called?
'CAUDA EQUINA' aka - 'HORSE'S TAIL' (*Called this because of its appearance)
60
What are the numbers and names of all of the 'CRANIAL NERVES'? (*THERE ARE 12 OF THEM)
1. OLFACTORY 2. OPTIC 3. OCULOMOTOR 4. TROCHLEAR 5. TRIGEMINAL 6. ABDUCENS 7. FACIAL 8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR 9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL 10. VAGUS 11. ACCESSORY 12. HYPOGLOSSAL (*MNEMONIC - (OL)ympic (OP)ium (OC)cupies (TRO)ubled (TRI)athletes (A)fter (F)inishing (VE)rmont (G)ambling (VA)cations (S)till (H)igh)
61
Which 'CRANIAL NERVES' are 'SENSORY, MOTOR or BOTH'?
1. OLFACTORY - SENSORY 2. OPTIC - SENSORY 3. OCULOMOTOR - MOTOR 4. TROCHLEAR - MOTOR 5. TRIGEMINAL - BOTH 6. ABDUCENS - MOTOR 7. FACIAL - BOTH 8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR - SENSORY 9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL - BOTH 10. VAGUS - BOTH 11. ACCESSORY - MOTOR 12. HYPOGLOSSAL - MOTOR (*MNEMONIC - (S)mall (S)hips (M)ake (M)oney, (B)ut (M)y (B)rother (S)ays (B)ig (B)oats (M)ake (M)ore) M=MOTOR | B=BOTH | S=SENSORY
62
What is the function of the 'OLFACTORY' nerve?
SMELL - MUCOSA IN NOSE | SENSORY
63
What is the function of the 'OPTIC' nerve?
SIGHT | SENSORY
63
What is the function of the 'OCULOMOTOR' nerve?
MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL (FOCUSING/CHANGE IN PUPIL SIZE) (MOTOR)
64
What is the function of the 'TROCHLEAR' nerve?
MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL | MOTOR
65
What are the 2 functions of the 'TRIGEMINAL' nerve?
1. SENSATIONS FROM FACE,TEETH AND TONGUE (SENSORY) 2. MOVEMENT OF JAW, CHEWING MUSCLES (MOTOR) (BOTH)
66
What is the function of the 'ABDUCENS' nerve?
'MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL' | MOTOR
67
What are the 2 functions of the 'FACIAL' nerve?
1. TASTE BUDS AT THE FRONT OF THE TONGUE (SENSORY) 2. MOVEMENT OF FACIAL MUSCLES, SECRETION OF SALIVA/TEARS (MOTOR) (BOTH)
68
What is the function of the 'VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR' nerve?
HEARING, BALANCE AND POSTURE | SENSORY
69
What are the 2 functions of the 'GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL' nerve?
1. TASTE BUDS AT THE BACK OF THE TONGUE (SENSORY) 2. SWALLOWING AND SECRETION OF SALIVA (MOTOR) (BOTH)
70
What are the 2 functions of the 'VAGUS' nerve?
1. VISCERAL SENSATIONS (SENSORY) 2. VISCERAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT (MOTOR) (BOTH)
71
What is the function of the 'ACCESSORY' nerve?
SWALLOWING, HEAD AND NECK MOVEMENTS | MOTOR
72
What is the function of the 'HYPOGLOSSAL' nerve?
SPEECH AND SWALLOWING | MOTOR
73
What 3 'CRANIAL NERVES' are involved with 'EYE MOVEMENT'?
(NERVES 3,4,6) III. OCULOMOTOR IV. TROCHLEAR VI. ABDUCENS (*MNEMONIC - 3,4 AND 6 MAKE MY EYES DO 'TRICKS')
74
What letter is formed at the 'CENTER' of the 'SPINAL CORD'? What forms this?
THE LETTER 'H' 'GRAY MATTER' FORMS THIS
75
What is located in the 'CENTRAL CANAL' in the 'SPINAL CORD'?
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
76
What is located in the 'GRAY MATTER' in the 'SPINAL CORD'?
NEURON CELL BODIES
77
In a 'SPINAL CORD' cross section, what is located next to the 'GRAY MATTER'?
WHITE MATTER
78
What is 'WHITE MATTER' composed of in a 'SPINAL CORD'?
MYELINATED AXONS
79
There are columns or 'FUNICULI' located in the 'SPINAL CORD' in a cross section. What are they?
1. POSTERIOR (TOP) 2. LATERAL (SIDES) 3. ANTERIOR (BOTTOM)
80
What divides the 'SPINAL CORD' cross section into the 3 sections/funiculi?
THE 'GRAY MATTER' THAT FORMS THE LETTER 'H'
81
Where are 'NERVE TRACTS' located in the 'SPINAL CORD'?
IN THE 3 'FUNICULI'
82
'NERVE TRACTS' can go one of two ways. What are the 2 options? What do each of them mean?
1. ASCENDING - BOTTOM OF SPINAL CORD TO BRAIN | 2. DESCENDING - FROM BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD
83
In every 'NERVE TRACT' name, there are 3 things that are defined. What are they?
1. FUNICULUS IN WHICH TRACT IS LOCATED 2. LOCATION OF CELL (ORIGIN) 3. LEVEL OF 'DESTINATION'
84
What are the 2 main 'ASCENDING' nerve tracts?
1. LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC 2. ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC (*HINT - SPINE to THALAMUS = ASCENDING TRACT)
85
What are the 2 main 'DESCENDING' nerve tracts?
1. LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL 2. ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL (*HINT - CEREBRUM to SPINE = DESCENDING TRACT)
86
What 'NERVE TRACT' conducts the following: 'SENSORY IMPULSES' for 'CRUDE TOUCH' and 'PRESSURE'? Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'?
ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC | ASCENDING TRACT
87
What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following: 'CONDUCTS PAIN' and 'TEMPERATURE IMPULSES'? Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'?
LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC | ASCENDING TRACT
88
What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following: 'Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves and [OUTWARD] through 'ANTERIOR HORNS' for coordinated movements. Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'?
ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL | DESCENDING TRACT
89
What 'NERVE TRACT' does the following: 'Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves through 'ANTERIOR HORNS' for coordinated movements. Is it 'ASCENDING/DESCENDING'?
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL | DESCENDING
90
What is the 'SIMPLEST TYPE OF 'SENSORY-TO-MOTOR' NERVE PATHWAY'?
'REFLEX ARC'
91
What is the 'REFLEX ARC'
THE SIMPLEST 'SENSORY-TO-NERVE' PATHWAY
92
How does the 'REFLEX ARC' work? | *THERE ARE 3 STEPS
1. RECEPTOR DETECTS STIMULUS 2. 'SENSORY NEURON' SENDS NERVE IMPULSE TO 'CNS' 3. 'MOTOR NEURON' CONDUCTS IMPULSE TO 'EFFECTOR ORGAN'
93
What is a 'RECEPTOR' defined as?
PORTION OF 'DENDRITE' OR SPECIALIZED RECEPTOR CELL IN A 'SENSORY ORGAN'
94
What is the 'FUNCTION' of a 'RECEPTOR'?
SENSITIVE TO SPECIFIC TYPES OF 'STIMULUS'
95
What is a 'SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURON' defined as? | *3 PARTS
1. DENDRITE 2. CELL BODY 3. AXON
96
What is the function of a 'SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURON'?
TRANSMITS IMPULSE FROM RECEPTOR TO THE (CNS) | *HINT - (A)FFERENT NEURONS (A)RRIVE TO 'BRAIN' (CNS)
97
What is an 'INTERNEURON' defined as? | *3 PARTS/STAGES
1. DENDRITE 2. CELL BODY 3. AXON OF NEURON (IN BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD)
98
What are the functions of an 'INTERNEURON'? | *There are 2 of them
1. SERVE AS 'PROCESSING CENTER' | 2. CONDUCT IMPULSE FROM 'SENSORY NEURON' TO 'MOTOR NEURON'
99
What is a 'MOTOR (EFFECTOR) NEURON' defined as? | *3 PARTS
1. DENDRITE 2. CELL BODY 3. AXON
100
What is the function of a 'MOTOR (EFFECTOR) NEURON'?
TRANSMITS IMPULSE FROM CNS OUT TO AN 'EFFECTOR ORGAN' | *HINT - (E)FFERENT NEURONS (E)XIT THE 'BRAIN' AND MOVE TO (E)FFECTOR ORGANS)
101
What is a 'EFFECTOR' defined as?
MUSCLE/GLAND OUTSIDE THE 'NERVOUS SYSTEM'
102
What are the functions of 'EFFECTORS'? | *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
1. RESPOND TO STIMULATION BY 'MOTOR NEURON' | 2. PRODUCE A 'REFLEX' OR 'PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE'
103
What is an 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM' (EEG)?
GRAPHIC RECORD OF NEURON ACTIVITY IN THE 'BRAIN'
104
What are the 4 kinds of 'ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS' (EEGs)?
1. ALPHA WAVES 2. BETA WAVES 3. THETA WAVES 4. DELTA WAVES
105
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '8-12 waves/sec'?
ALPHA WAVES
106
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '13-25 waves/sec'?
BETA WAVES
107
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '5-8 waves/sec'?
THETA WAVES
107
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are approximately '1-5 waves/sec'?
DELTA WAVES
107
Which 'BRAIN WAVES' are recorded when a person is 'AWAKE' and 'RELAXED WITH EYES CLOSED'?
ALPHA WAVES
107
Which waves are produced when a person is 'VISUALLY ORIENTATING' and/or 'THINKING'?
BETA WAVES
107
Where are 'THETA WAVES' seen more commonly?
NEWBORN INFANTS
108
These type of 'BRAIN WAVES' can be observed in 'ADULTS UNDER SEVERE EMOTIONAL STRESS'.
THETA WAVES
108
These type of 'BRAIN WAVES' can be observed in 'INFANTS' and 'SLEEPING ADULTS'.
DELTA WAVES
108
The presence of these 'BRAIN WAVES' in an 'ADULT' who is 'AWAKE' may indicate 'ABNORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION'.
DELTA WAVES
109
What is 'BRAIN DEATH' defined as?
THE 'CESSATION' OF BRAIN WAVES.
109
What are the characteristics of 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID'? | *THERE ARE 4 OF THEM
1. SLIGHTLY 'ALKALINE' (BASIC) 2. MORE SODIUM, CHLORINE AND MAGNESIUM IONS 3. LESS BLOOD PLASMA, CALCIUM, POTASSIUM AND GLUCOSE 4. ALSO CONTAINS 'SOME' PROTEINS, UREA AND LEUKOCYTES
110
What molecules does 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' contain 'MORE' of?
'MORE': ``` SODIUM IONS(Na+) CHLORIDE IONS (Cl-) MAGNESIUM IONS (Mg2+) ```
111
What molecules does 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' contain 'LESS' of?
'LESS': ``` CALCIUM IONS (Ca2+) POTASSIUM IONS (K+) GLUCOSE ```
111
TRUE OR FALSE 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' IS ONLY PRODUCED SPORADICALLY.
FALSE 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) IS PRODUCED 'CONTINUOUSLY'
112
What is 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' formed from?
PLASMA
113
How is 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' continuously produced?
THROUGH 'ACTIVE TRANSPORT' AND 'ULTRAFILTRATION' FROM MATERIALS ALREADY IN BLOOD VIA SPECIALIZED CAPILLARIES
113
What are 'CHOROID PLEXUSES'? What is their function? Where are they located?
CHOROID PLEXUSES = SPECIALIZED BLOOD CAPILLARIES INVOLVED IN THE 'PRODUCTION' OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) LOCATED ON THE 'ROOFS' OF THE 'VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN'
114
What is the 'NORMAL' fluid pressure of 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF)?
10mm Hg
114
What is the 'PATHWAY OF FLOW' for the production of 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF)? (*There are 7 steps)
1. LATERAL VENTRICLES 2. INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN (of Monro) 3. THIRD VENTRICLE 4. CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT (of Sylvius) 5. FOURTH VENTRICLE 6. SUBARACHNOID SPACE 7. REABSORPTION AT THE 'ARACHNOID VILLI' [*MNEMONIC - (L)ittle (I)ndians (of Monro) (T)hink (C)owboys (of Sylvius) (F)ear (S)piders & (R)ats (at the Arachnoid Villi)]
114
'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) has 3 main functions. What are they?
1. CUSHIONS BRAIN WITHIN 'SOLID VAULT' 2. ALLOWS FOR EXCHANGE OF 'NUTRIENTS' AND 'WASTES' WITHIN THE NERVOUS TISSUE 3. BUOYS THE BRAIN
115
How much does the 'BRAIN' weigh when not suspended in 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF)? How much does it weight when it is in (CSF)?
1500 grams = NOT IN (CSF) 50 gram = SUSPENDED IN (CSF)
116
What is 'HYDROCEPHALUS' defined as?
ABNORMAL 'ACCUMULATION' OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) IN: 'VENTRICLES' AND 'SUBARACHNOID' OR 'SUBDURAL SPACE'
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What are some of the 'CAUSES' of 'HYDROCEPHALUS'? | *There are 2 of them
1. EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) | 2. BLOCKED FLOW OF (CSF)
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What does 'HYDROCEPHALUS' eventually cause?
CAUSES 'CRANIAL BONES' TO THIN AND THE 'CEREBRAL CORTEX' TO 'ATROPHY'.
119
What is the definition of a 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE'?
THE 'WITHDRAWAL' OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' FROM THE 'SUBARACHNOID SPACE' IN THE REGION OF THE 'LUMBAR VERTEBRAE'.
120
What are the 2 reasons for a 'STROKE'? Why would a 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE' by important to perform in this case?
1. CLOT 2. BLOOD VESSEL RUPTURING CAUSING BRAIN TO HEMORRHAGE A 'LUMBAR PUNCTURE' WILL SHOW IF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' CONTAINS 'BLOOD' FROM A HEMORRHAGE. A 'CLOT' WILL NOT SHOW ANY. DEPENDING ON 'CLOT' OR 'HEMORRHAGE' DIFFERENT MEDICATION IS GIVEN.
121
TRUE OR FALSE 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' WILL SHOW IF THERE IS AN 'INFECTION' IN THE 'BRAIN/SPINAL CORD'.
TRUE 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' WILL SHOW 'BACTERIA'
121
What are the 2 types of 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
1. NON-COMMUNICATING | 2. COMMUNICATING
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What is the 'MECHANISM' involved in 'NON-COMMUNICATING' 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
OBSTRUCTION OF 'CEREBROSPINAL FLUID' (CSF) FLOW BETWEEN VENTRICLES
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What is the 'CAUSE' of 'NON-COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS'?
2. AQUEDUCT STENOSIS | * stenosis= lack of blood flow caused by narrowing
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What are the MECHANISMS' involved in 'COMMUNICATING' 'HYDROCEPHALUS'?
2. INCREASED (CSF) SECRETION
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What are the causes for the 2 'MECHANISMS' involved in 'COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS'?
INCREASED (CSF) SECRETION: | 1. SECRETING TUMOR (CHOROID PLEXUS)
125
What is 'NON-REM' sleep also referred to as? | *3 TERMS
1. SLOW SLEEP 2. S-STATE 3. QUIET SLEEP
126
What is the known as the 'DEEPEST' state of 'NON-REM' sleep?
DELTA
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What are some of the 'CHARACTERISTICS' of 'NON-REM' sleep? (*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM
4. RESPIRATION IS SLOW/DEEP/REGULAR 5. DECREASED H.R., B.P., CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, BRAIN TEMPERATURE 6. INCREASED TENDENCY FOR 'SEIZURE DISORDERS' 7. 4-5% WHO AWAKE DURING 'NON-REM' SLEEP REPORT DREAMS
128
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED TENDENCY FOR SEIZURE DISORDERS'?
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
128
What sleep state is responsible for 'DECREASED H.R., B.P., CEREBRAL BLOOD BLOW AND BRAIN TEMPERATURE'?
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
128
What sleep state is responsible for '4-5% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING DREAMS'?
NON-REM SLEEP STAGE
128
'REM' Sleep stage is also referred to as what 3 terms?
1. ACTIVE SLEEP 2. FAST SLEEP 3. D-SLEEP
128
What sleep state is responsible for there being 'DIFFICULTY IN AWAKENING THE INDIVIDUAL'?
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
128
What sleep state is responsible for '80-90% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING DREAMS UPON BEING AWOKEN'?
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
128
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE'?
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
128
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW'?
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
128
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED BRAIN TEMPERATURE'?
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
128
What sleep state is responsible for 'INCREASED NUMBER OF ERECTIONS'? (*THIS IS USED IN TESTING IMPOTENCE)
'REM' SLEEP STAGE
PD BIO 305
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