PEBC > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine System are also known as

A

Ductless Glands

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2
Q

the master endocrine gland

A

Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

Pituitary Gland present?

A

under hypothalamus (location: base of the brain.)

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4
Q

Major endocrine glands (6)

A 
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Pancreas Gland (endocrine and exocrine)
Adrenal Gland 
Testes
Ovaries
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5
Q

Other endocrine glands

A 
Parathyroid Gland (neck)
Thymus Gland (chest)
Pineal Gland (brain).
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6
Q

Pituitary Gland is controlled by?

A

Hypothalamus.

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7
Q

The five different types of CELLS of the anterior pituitary

A 
somatotrophs(GH)
thyrotrophs  (TSH)
gonadotrophs(FSH & LH) -FSH:ESTROGEN
Lactotrophs (Prolactin)
corticotrophs (ACTH)
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8
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

not synthesize hormones, BUT store and release two hormones(oxytocin and ADH/vasopressin). Production in the hypothalamus and are packed into vesicles and transported to the posterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

oxytocin action

A

During and after delivery of a baby, oxytocin has two target tissues: the mother’s uterus and breasts.

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10
Q

hormone secreted by the pineal gland is

A

melatonin.

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11
Q

melatonin is

A

body’s “time clock”.

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12
Q

Which gland secretes calcitonin

A

Thyroid( by parafollicular cells (C-cells.)

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13
Q

Increase PTH causes increase in _____ in blood and ____ in phosphate in blood

A

Calcium increase and decrease in phoshate

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14
Q

hypocalcemia stimulate release of

hypercalcemia stimulate release of

A

PTH—–Bone resorption

Calcitonin

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15
Q

Pancreas cells

A

beta, alpha, delta, F

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16
Q

Effect of Somatostatin in growth hormone

A

Somatostatin is antagonist of growth hormone and thus opposes growth hormone (GHIH)

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17
Q

Adrenal cortex layers

A

outer: Zona glomerulosa–Aldosterone
middle: Z. fasciculata–Cortisol
inner: Z. reticularis–Androgens

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18
Q

Prepares for pregnancy and produce

A

Progesterone (Ovaries get stimulated by LH which is secretes from anterior pituitary)

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19
Q

Thyroxin or Levothyroxine Naturally occurs in_____isomer

A

levo (L)

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20
Q

Metabolically active form or active thyroid hormone

A

T3

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21
Q

The iodide pump (trap) is present in

A

thyroid follicular epithelial cells

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22
Q

Levothyroxine T4 Converts in the liver and other organs to Triiodothyronin T3 by what mechanism?

A

deiodination (deiodinase)—1 iodine is removed

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23
Q

Thyroid Hormones affects the secretion of other hormones

A

Insulin, NE, Epi, cortisol, estrogen and testosterones.

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24
Q

Epinephrine is released from

A

Adrenal Medulla

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25
Aldosterone is released from
Adrenal cortex
26
Weight loss in spite of increased appetite is a symptom of______thyroidism
Hyper
27
Tachycardia (Palpitation) is a symptom of______thyroidism
Hyper
28
Diarrhea is a symptom of Hyperthyroidism
Constipation is a symptom of Hyperthyroidism
29
Tremor and muscle weakness is a symptom of Hyperthyroidism
Slow return of deep tendon reflexes is a symptom of Hypothyroidism
30
hEat intolerance and excessively sweating is a symptom of HypErthyroidism
cOld intolerance is a symptom of HypOthyroidism
31
Impaired memOry is a symptom of______thyroidism
HypO
32
Hypertension, bradycardia is a symptom of______thyroidism
Hypo
33
Normal serum TSH is
0.3 to 5.5 mU/L
34
↑ serum TSH is seen in ______thyroidism
Hypo
35
Hashimoto & Myxedema or Gull's disease.
hypothyroidism
36
Graves' disease, Plummer’s disease (toxic nodular goiter).
hyperthyroidism
37
anxiety,Nervousness, insomnia, and irritability
hyperthyroidism
38
Oily skin in hyperthyroidism
Dry flaky skin and coarse hair in hypothyroidism
39
Everything is hyperactive in hyperthyroidism
Everything is hypoactive in hypothyroidism, except Hypertension
40
Parathyroid Glands is positioned
posterior surface of the thyroid gland, which is positioned on the esophagus
41
How does PTH ↑ Ca absorption in intestine?
via activation of vitamin D ( Stimulate production of 1, 25-(OH)-Vitamin D).
42
How does PTH ↑ Ca absorption in kidney?
Stimulate reabsorption calcium in kidney and inhibit reabsorption of phosphate.
43
Pancreas is present in
upper right side of the body and spread to left side
44
Half-life insulin is
3 to 5 min
45
Insulin promotes___uptake into the cell.
K+
46
Decrease gluconeogenesis (neo=new)
INsulin
47
Stimulated breakdown of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) in the liver
GLycogen
48
Sweating, palpitation, fatigue, tremors are
Autonomic symptoms of hypoglycemia
49
FPG______ shows autonomic symptoms and FPG ________ shows CNS symptoms
<4 mmol/L<70 mg/dL | <2-3 mmol/L<50 mg/dL
50
Autonomic symptoms of hypoglycemia
blurred vision, Confusion, nervousness, disorientation, dizzy, anxious, headache, irritable
51
Normal glucose FPG:
5 to 6 mmol/L or 90 to 120 mg/dL.
52
Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is
Passage of large volumes of dilute urine
53
______________ deficiency causes diabetes insipidus
Anti diuretic hormone (vasopressin)
54
Neurogenic diabetes insipidus results from hyposecretion of ADH, usually caused by a brain tumor, head trauma, or brain surgery or autoimmune that damages the posterior pituitary or the hypothalamus.
``` In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, the kidneys do not respond to ADH. may be Acquired or by drugs (lithium) ```
55
_________ gland:Large in children and begins to shrink at puberty.
Pineal
56
Only brain structure that does not come in a pair
Pineal gland
57
Produces melatonin and dimethyl tryptamine in the dark
Pineal gland
58
Sexual development and regulates the mating behavior
Pineal gland
59
Influences sleep and temperature
Pineal gland
60
The adrenal glands are located superior to the kidneys. They consist of an outer adrenal cortex and an inner adrenal medulla
adrenal medulla consists of chromaffin cells and large blood vessels.
61
Cortical secretions include mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens.
The medullary secretions epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) produce effects similar to sympathetic responses and are released during stress.
62
Androgens:HYper Androgens:HYpo
Gynecomastia | Hypogonadism
63
Aldosterone:HYper Aldosterone:HYper
``` Ascites hyperkalemia (Because aldosterone increase K+ excretion) ```
64
Zona glomerulosa (outer adrenal medulla) is controlled by
Renin-angiotensin
65
fasciculata and reticularis is controlled by
ACTH (ACTH is secreted by anterior pituitary)
66
hormone which prepares the lining of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg.
Progesterone
67
During the menstrual cycle estrogen is produced by the ovarian follicles
After ovulation estrogen is produced by the corpus luteum.
68
During pregnancy ovulation does not occur.
It is suppressed by high levels of estrogen and progesterone's
69
__________ hormone levels are elevated in first 3 months of pregnancy (first trimester).
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
70
Ovulation Tests detects?
LH
71
Cessation of menstrual periods for at least________ is referred as menopause
6 months to 1 year
72
How many Carbon does estrogen have?
18
73
How many Carbon does Progestins have?
12
74
FSH and LH are predominantly increased during
ovulation
75
Which hormone keeps corpus luteum after fertilization and pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (HCG)
76
Characteristics of hypoparathyroidism condition
leads to fall in calcium levels followed by a rise in plasma phosphate level.
77
Hyperparathyroidism causes excessive calcium in blood
This triggers secretion of Calcitonin
78
Vasopressin
ADH is released when atrial receptors detect the decrease in blood volume. Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume; decreases water loss through perspiration; raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles
79
Rate limiting factors of insulin may include the following
Capillary passage | Zinc crystalline insulin
80
Aldosterone is NOT a vasoconstrictor. Instead Angiotensin II is strong vasoconstrictor.
Aldosterone hormone main functions are Na, water retention in distal tubules and Potassium excretion in late distal tubules and collecting duct
81
Example of therapeutically used hormones and related drugs
GnRH analogs: Goserilin(Gonadal and pituitary hormones)
82
Hormone used to control postpartum bleeding
Oxytocin
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