Nursing Fundamentals II > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland - hormones

A
  1. growth hormone
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2
Q

growth hormone (somatotropin) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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3
Q

growth hormone (somatotropin) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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4
Q

growth hormone (somatotropin) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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5
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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6
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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7
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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8
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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9
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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10
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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11
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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12
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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13
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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14
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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15
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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16
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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17
Q

prolactin - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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18
Q

prolactin - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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19
Q

prolactin - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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20
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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21
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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22
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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23
Q

posterior pituitary gland - hormone

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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24
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - function

A
  1. posterior pituitary
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25
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - excess
1. posterior pituitary
26
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - deficit
1. posterior pituitary
27
oxytocin - function
1. posterior pituitary
28
oxytocin - excess
1. posterior pituitary
29
oxytocin - deficit
1. posterior pituitary
30
thyroid - hormone
1. thyroxine (T3 & T4)
31
thyroxine (T3 & T4) - function
1. thyroid
32
thyroxine (T3 & T4) - excess
1. thyroid
33
thyroxine (T3 & T4) - deficit
1. thyroid
34
calcitonin - function
1. thyroid
35
calcitonin - excess
1. thyroid
36
calcitonin - deficit
1. thyroid
37
parathyroid - horomone
parathyroid (PTH)
38
parathyroid (PTH) - function
1. parathyroid
39
parathyroid (PTH) - excess
1. parathyroid
40
parathyroid (PTH) - deficit
1. parathyroid
41
adrenal cortex - hormones
1. glucocorticoids
42
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone) - function
1. adrenal cortex
43
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone - excess
1. adrenal cortex
44
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone- deficit
1. adrenal cortex
45
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone) - function
1. adrenal cortex
46
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone) - excess
1. adrenal cortex
47
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone) - deficit
1. adrenal cortex
48
sex hormones (androgen & estrogen) - function
1. adrenal cortex
49
sex hormones (androgen & estrogen) - excess
1. adrenal cortex
50
sex hormones (androgen & estrogen)- deficit
1. adrenal cortex
51
adrenal medulla - hormones
1. epinephrine & adrenaline
52
epinephrine (adrenaline) - function
1. adrenal medulla
53
epinephrine (adrenaline) - excess
1. adrenal medulla
54
norepinephrine - function
1. adrenal medulla
55
norepinephrine - excess
1. adrenal medulla
56
norepinephrine - deficit
1. adrenal medulla
57
pancreas - hormone
1. insulin
58
insulin - function
1. pancreas
59
insulin - excess
1. pancreas
60
insulin - deficit
1. pancreas
61
ovaries - hormone
1. estrogen
62
estrogen & progesterone - function
1. ovaries
63
estrogen & progesterone - excess
1. ovaries
64
estrogen & progesterone - deficit
1. ovaries
65
testes - hormone
1. testosterone
66
testosterone - function
1. testes
67
testosterone - excess
1. testes
68
testosterone - deficit
1. testes
69
thymus - hormone
1. thymopoietin
70
thymopoietin - function
1. thymus
71
thymopoietin - excess
1. thymus
72
thymopoietin - deficit
1. thymus
73
pineal - hormone
1. melatonin
74
melatonin - function
1. pineal
75
melatonin - excess
1. pineal gland
76
melatonin - deficit
1. pineal gland
77
epinephrine (adrenaline) - deficit
1. adrenal medulla
78
How are hormones transported?
via the circulatory system to the target tissue
79
Where are the hormones transported?
to the target tissue
80
How are hormones classified?
molecular structure
81
What are steroids made of?
cholesterol
82
Are steroids soluble in water?
no
83
How are steroids carried in circulation?
proteins
84
what is an example of a peptide?
insulin with a rapid response time
85
what is an example of an amino acid derivatives?
thyroid hormones and catcholamines.
86
what is the response time of amino acid derivatives?
immediate
87
what system does the endocrine system work on?
negative feedback
88
what are the two major regulatory systems in the body?
endocrine and nervous
89
do endocrine glands have a physical connection?
no
90
do endocrine glands have ducts?
no
91
do hormones have a specific target?
yes; lock and key system
92
another name for pituitary gland
hypophysis or master gland
93
what gland tells other glands to secret hormones and when to hold back?
pituitary
94
where is the pituitary gland located?
Very small about the size of a pea and is located in the brain below the hypothalmus
95
what is the infundibulum?
The pituitary gland and the hypothalmus are connected by a stalk known as the infundibulum
96
what are the two parts of the pituitary?
1. anterior or adenohypophysis
97
If the patient experiences a problem within the posterior pituitary gland the patient will have problems with...
fluid and electrolyte imbalance
98
where is the thyroid located?
Looks like a butterfly and has two lobes that sit on either side of the trachea
99
isthmus
connects the two lobes of the thyroid
100
what is stored in the thyroid?
iodine
101
what are some symptoms of a goiter?
may impede respiratory system, crowd trachea or become hypo/hyper thyroid
102
what controls BMR?
thyroid
103
where is the parathyroid located?
posterior wall of the thyroid gland
104
Does the parathyroid work separately from the thyroid?
yes
105
how many parathyroid glands are there?
usually 4 to 6
106
what does parahormone (PH) regulate?
Ca & Ph in the blood
107
what is a complication of thyroid surgery?
Hypocalcemia
108
symptoms of hypocalcemia
cardiac conditions, muscle twitching, jumpy and irritable, spasms
109
what glands make up the adrenal glands
1. Adrenal Medulla Gland
110
where are the adrenal glands located?
Two small glands located on top of each kidney-one gland/kidney
111
do the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex work independently of each other?
yes
112
what is required if adrenal glands are removed?
hormone therapy
113
what portion of the pancreas belongs to the endocrine system?
islets of langerhans
114
what does pancreas secrete?
insulin and glucagon
115
where is the thymus gland located?
upper part of the thoracic cavity above the heart
116
is the thymus important to the immune system?
yes
117
why is there increased infection in infants and older adults?
underdeveloped and decreased thymus
118
where is the pineal gland located?
Small pine-coned shaped gland located behind the mid-brain
119
melatonin fluctuates by what in a person with normal vision?
#NAME?
120
melatonin fluctuates by what in a person with without vision?
-fluctuate 24.7 hr cycle
121
where are ovaries located?
One on each side of the uterus which are the size and shape of an almond
122
where do women get testosterone from?
pituitary
123
where are testes located?
Two small glands located in the scrotum
124
where do men get estrogen and progesterone from?
pituitary
125
hypothalamus - function
secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to control secretion of hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary gland
126
hypothalamus - excess
pituitary dysfunction
127
hypothalamus - deficit
pituitary dysfunction
128
pancreas (beta cells) - function
#NAME?
129
pancreas (beta cells) - excess
Hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia
130
pancreas (beta cells) - deficit
Diabetes Mellitus
131
pancreas (alpha cells) - function
Glucagon-raises blood glucose levels by promoting hepatic glyocogenolysis and promotes glycogenesis; islets of langerhans
132
pancreas (alpha cells) - excess
glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia
133
pancreas (alpha cells) - deficit
under investigation but probably hypoglycemia
134
what should someone due with "true hypoglycemia"?
eat 6 times/day
135
if blood sugar is too low the body should..
produce glucagon
136
pancreas (delta cells) - function
inhibits diverse endocrine functions and inhibits the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatotropin
137
pancreas (delta cells) - excess
Hyperglycemia
138
pancreas (delta cells) - deficit
unknown
139
pancreas (delta cells)
Somatostatin
140
pancreas (beta cells)
insulin
141
pancreas (alpha cells)
glucagon
142
decreased pancreatic results in...
decreased levels of lipase which makes it harder to digest fat
143
steatorrhea
Decrease in the ability absorb fat-soluble vitamins and an increase in fat excreted via the gi tract, feces floats
144
3 most common glands that show a decrease in function as a person ages...
gonads, thyroid, and endocrine portion of the pancreas
145
Decreased ADH production..
more dilute urine
146
Decreased estrogen production...
loss of bone density, skin loses elasticity and becomes thinner, vaginal changes, loss of ability to have children
147
is there a decrease in glucose tolerance as you age?
yes
148
is there a decrease in metabolism as you age?
yes
149
Change in skin color...
addison's - tan, bronze; full pituitary failure - get yellow waxy color; anterior pituitary - MSH excess/deficit
150
Hard non-pitting edema could be a sign of myxedema
thyroxine, severe hypothyroidism, ability to process fluid comes to a halt
151
Delayed healing
diabetes, hypothyroidism
152
Change in skeletal structure, change in facial features, increased abdominal obesity but thinning of rest of body
acromegaly
153
Any change in hair distribution or structure of hair?
testosterone, estrogen, thyroid
154
Any edema
thyroid
155
Change in vital signs
adrenal, thyroid
156
Hypertension, tachycardia, flushing
significant hyperthyroidism, Pheochromocytoma
157
Change in respiratory pattern
adrenal, hypothyroidism
158
Weakness/Depression
adrenal, aldosterone, addison's, acromegaly, cushings
159
Change in mood
adrenal, possibly thyroid, cushing's
160
Drowsiness
Drowsiness
161
Pain
acromegaly, dwarfism, PTH, high or low calcium
162
Tremors
thyroid
163
Loss or decreased sensation
diabetes
164
Exophthalmos
bulging eyes, hyperthyroidism
165
Change in vision
type 2 diabetes, adrenal dysfunction (blood pressure), pituitary tumor - quick onset accompanied by headache
166
Glossitis
thyroid, diabetes
167
Change in weight/bowel pattern/menstrual pattern/sexual relationship/Impotence/infertility
thyroid
168
Signs of dehydration
ADH, pituitary
169
Low back pain/Bone or joint pain/Muscle cramps/Tetany
first PTH then acromegaly
170
Any chemotherapy and or radiation
higher risk for endocrine dysfunction, especially radiation in upper torso - pituitary failure
171
Tests - TSH, T3, T4
thyroid disorder
172
Tests - Thyroid titer
autoimmune
173
Test - Parathyroid Function tests
PTH levels
174
Tests for Adrenal Function
measure cortisol, Aldosterone; can do blood test but need 24 hr urine as well; looking for hormone and amt in urine, patient must know - keep in fridge/on ice, pick time, discard urine prior to start time, based on volume of urine in 24 hr, must save every specimen for full 24 hrs
175
Glucose, Insulin, HgbA1C tests
diabetes
176
Serum Cholesterol Test
adrenal, thyroid, diabetes; be under 200, if over 200 want lipid profile (cholesterol, trigl., hdl and ldl)
177
Tests of Pituitary Function
blood test but more likely MRI and CT scan; people usually have a tumor
178
Thyroid Scan
hypo/hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer
179
Radioiodine Uptake
hyroid disease; can use it to see function of thyroid; can use to destroy thyroid, will totally destroy at least a portion in 3 mos; precautions - need to sleep alone (72 hours), don't be around kids, flush toilet 3 times; do not assign a pregnant nurse or someone trying to conceive (fertility issues) to care for this person; people who have this test shed radioactive material
180
Fine needle aspiration
thyroid, pituitary to check if it is benign
181
Chevostek's sign
tap the patient's facial nerve just in front of the earlobe or near the corner of the mouth. If this prompts twitching of the facial muscles on the side tested this is a positive response that indicates hypocalcemia. The more pronounced the response the higher the degree of hypocalcemia.
182
Trousseau's sign
Place a blood pressure cuff in the usual place and pump the cuff up to a comfortable level and maintain this for three minutes. If this produces carpal spasms it is a positive response for hypocalcemia
183
Sexual Maturity Rating/Tanner
Five stages of development
184
rapid acting insulin - types
1. NovoLog
185
rapid acting insulin - onset
.25-.3 hours
186
rapid acting insulin - peak
.5-3 hours
187
rapid acting insulin - duration
3-5 hours
188
short acting insulin - types
1. Humulin R
189
short acting insulin - onset
.5 hours
190
short acting insulin - peak
2.-5 hours
191
short acting insulin - duration
5-8 hours
192
Humulin R (U-500) - onset
1.5 hours
193
Humulin R (U-500) - peak
4-12 hours
194
Humulin R (U-500)
24 hours
195
Intermediate-Acting Insulin - types
1. Humulin N
196
Intermediate-Acting Insulin - onset
.5 hours
197
Intermediate-Acting Insulin - peak
4-12 hours
198
Intermediate-Acting Insulin - duration
24 hours
199
Insulin aspart
NovoLog
200
Insulin glulisine
Apidra
201
Human lispro injection
Humalog
202
Regular human insulin injection
1. Humulin R
203
Humulin R (concentrated U-500)
Humulin R (U-500)
204
Isophane Insulin NPH injection
1. Humulin N
205
Lang-Acting Insulin - types
1. lantus
206
Lang-Acting Insulin - onset
1-4 hours
207
Lang-Acting Insulin - peak
none - 8 hours
208
Lang-Acting Insulin - duration
5.7-24 hours
209
Insulin glargine injection
Lantus
210
Insulin detemir injection
Levemir
211
Sulfonylurea - 2nd generation - function
Increase insulin secretion from pancreatic islet cells and increase sensitivity of insulin receptors on target cells
212
Sulfonylurea - 2nd generation - examples
1. Glipizide (Glucotrol)
213
Meglitinide Analogs - function
1. Increase insulin secretion from pancreatic islet cells; prevent post-meal blood glucose elevation;
214
Meglitinide Analogs - types
1. Repaglinide (Prandin)
215
Biguanides - function
Lowers basal and post-meal blood glucose by reducing hepatic glucose production and increase tissue sensitivity; reduces insulin resistance
216
Biguanides - types
Metformin (Glucophage)
217
Alpha Gucosidase Inhibitors - function
Prevent post-meal blood glucose elevation; block enzymes in the small intestine that break down complex carbs; digestion of glucose is delayed
218
Alpha Gucosidase Inhibitors - types
1. Acarbose (Precose)
219
Thiazolidinediones - function
Improves tissue sensitivity to insulin; reduce insulin resistance; inhibit hepatic glucogenesis
220
Thiazolidinediones - types
1. Pioglitazone (Actos)
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