1
Q
What part of the mouth breaks down food?
A
teeth
2
Q
What is secreted in response to food?
A
saliva
3
Q
What enzyme is in saliva?
A
amylase
4
Q
What does amylase do?
A
breaks down food
5
Q
Where does CHO digestion start?
A
mouth
6
Q
Where is a bolus formed?
A
mouth
7
Q
Where in the mouth does the bolus go?
A
propelled back to pharynx
8
Q
dysphasia
A
- when the bolus has a problem going back to pharynx
9
Q
Who evaluates swallowing?
A
speech therapy
10
Q
Where is the esophagus located?
A
between pharynx and stomach
11
Q
peristalsis
A
Contracts and relaxes to move bolus from pharynx to stomach
12
Q
Cardiac/LES
A
- Sphincters
- Located at the bottom of esophagus/top of stomach
- Relaxes to allow food to pass to stomach
- Constricts to prevent acidic stomach contents from flowing into esophagus
13
Q
Hiatal hernia
A
Protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the chest
14
Q
How is a hiatal hernia treated?
A
surgically or with medicine
15
Q
Hiatal hernia - symptoms
A
- Heartburn, belching (eructation), discomfort (pain), dysphagia, reflux of stomach acid to esophagus
- Symptoms similar to GERD
16
Q
GERD
A
- Reflux product from stomach to esophagus
- Excessive relaxation of LES
17
Q
What are some long term side effects of GERD?
A
cancer, destruction of esophagus, respiratory systems, asthma
18
Q
GERD - symptoms
A
heartburn (dyspepsia), backward flow into the throat of food (regurgitation), gas (flatulence), chronic cough, asthma and chest pain
19
Q
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist
A
- Role is to decrease amount of gastric acid
- treat GERD and hiatal hernia
20
Q
Tagament
A
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist
21
Q
Proton Pump Inh.
A
- Role is to block gastric acid
- Treat people that have issues with digestion of food
- Made for people who don’t get better with Tagament or Zantac
22
Q
What do you watch for in people that take proton pump inhibitors?
A
anemia
23
Q
Zantac
A
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist
24
Q
Pepcid
A
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist
25
Axid
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist
26
Nexium
Proton Pump Inh.
27
Prilosec
Proton Pump Inh.
28
Prevacid
Proton Pump Inh.
29
Aciphex
Proton Pump Inh.
30
Protonix
Proton Pump Inh.
31
Proton Pump Inh. - drug names
Nexium, Prilosec, Prevacid, Aciphex, Protonix
32
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist - drug names
Tagament, Zantac, Pepcid, Axid
33
Carafate
- Repair something that is in existence
- Work at the site such as active ulcer or go to stomach, protect and coat it
- People do not experience pain when they eat
34
Cytotec
- Start on someone who is going to have meds that will upset stomach
- Protectant, doesn't do anything for someone that has an actual problem
- Use this about a week before starting meds that may cause upset stomach
35
What is the unintended use of cytotec?
correct male infertility
36
Where does bolus turn to chime?
stomach
37
chyme
bolus is mixed with gastric secretions and turns to liquid
38
Where does protein digestion start?
stomach
39
Where does CHO digestion end?
stomach
40
Where is cardiac valve located?
top of stomach
41
Where is pyloric valve located?
bottom of stomach
42
Where are parietal and chief cells located?
stomach
43
What do parietal cells secrete?
HCl and intrinsic factor
44
Where does intrinsic factor go?
small intestine to absorb B12
45
Pernicious anemia
malabsorption of B12, may lead to gastric cancer
46
What do chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen
47
Pepsinogen
- Precursor to pepsin (digestive enzyme)
| - Responsible to start protein digestion and end carb digestion
48
What is the purpose of stomach mucus?
- so the stomach doesn't digest itself
| - protection
49
Pyloric stenosis
- pyloric valve not able to open
| - 2 to 3 week old infants
50
How is pyloric stenosis diagnosed?
Dr feels for olive-like mass on stomach which is indicative of pyloric stenosis
51
How is pyloric stenosis treated?
surgery
52
What are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis?
Vomit (projectile), dehydration, weight loss, decreased urinary output
53
What connects the stomach to the large intestine?
small intestine
54
What is the function of the small intestine?
responsible for movement, absorption and digestion of food (chyme)
55
What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
56
duodenum
calcium and iron absorption, neutralize acid, largest number of ulcers happen here
57
jejunum
absorption of fat, proteins and carbs
58
Ileum
absorbs b12 and bile salt
59
What diseases will incur nutritional losss?
Chron's, ulcer colitis
60
What is sent to from the small intestine to the gall bladder that causes horrible pain?
CCK
61
What is the function of the large intestine?
movement, absorption and elimination
62
What happens to the reabsorbed water/electrolytes?
put into vascular system
63
What happens to make stool more solid?
water and electrolytes are reabsorbed in large intestines
64
How is ostomy placement decided?
place of injury
65
Segments of large intestines
cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum and anus
66
Where is stool liquid?
ascending large intestine; don't want colostomy here
67
where is stool semi-fluid to semi-mushy?
transverse large intestine
68
where is stool formed?
descending large intestine; want colostomy here
69
Where can you train ostomy?
descending large intestine; exception rather than rule
70
Where is a continent ostomy located?
descending large intestine; may still have to wear a bag
71
What does the salivary glands produce?
saliva
72
What enzyme is present in saliva?
amylase
73
What does amylase break down?
CHO
74
What does the liver produce and secrete?
bile
75
Why do we need bile?
digests fat
76
Where is bile sent to the gallbladder?
storage and concentration
77
Where are Kupffer cells located?
liver
78
What do Kupffer cells do?
eat bacteria and anemic RBC
79
What does the liver metabolize?
proteins considered vital for human survival
80
What does the liver store and release?
glycogen for metabolism of CHO
81
What does the gallbladder do with bile?
Collects, concentrates and stores bile from liver
82
Does the pancreas have an exocrine or endocrine function in the GI system?
Exocrine - secrete digestive enzymes
83
What digestive enzyme does the pancreas excrete?
amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and lipase
Nursing Fundamentals II
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