Endocrine

Question 1

What causes PU/PD/PP in DM?

Answer 1

• PU/PD = causes by glucosuria, inability of the renal tubules to resorb all the glucose, which causes “osmotic diuresis” and compensatory polydipsia.
• PP = caused by lack of glucose entering the satiety center in the brain

Question 2

How does ketosis worsen DM?

Answer 2

It causes relative insulin deficiency, increased osmotic diuresis, and concurrent loss of electrolytes, acidosis, dehydration. Increased plasma osmolality causes cellular dehydration.

Question 3

What are the 3 regulators of serum calcium and where are they produced?

Answer 3

• Parathyroid hormone = produced by parathyroid glands
• Calcitonin = produced from C cells in the thyroid glands
• Vit D = converted into active form by sunning in the skin and kidneys. Regulates absorption of Ca from the GI

Question 4

What are 3 causes of nutritional secondary hypothyroidism?

Answer 4

• Low dietary Ca
• High dietary Phosphorus with low or normal Ca
• Inadequate Vit D