USMLE Step 1 > Endocrine Path > Flashcards

Endocrine Path Flashcards

(60 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

Pseudohyperaldosteronism

A
  • Licorice (inhibits 11-beta-HSD type II)

- Liddle’s syndrome (increase Na and decrease K)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Secondary Hyperaldosteronism causes

A 
Fibromuscular dysplasia (young women)
Atherosclerosis (men)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hyperaldosteronism doesnt show hypernatremia or edema b/c…

A

Aldosterone escape via ANP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Addison’s disease causes

A
  • Autoimmune (developed countries)
  • TB (developing countries)
  • Malignancy (esp lung)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tertiary adrenal insufficiency cause

A

Exogenous steroid use and immediate withdraw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Decrease glucocorticoids on insulin requirements

A

Decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neuroblastoma

A
  • Homer-Wright rosettes
  • anywhere on sympathetic chain
  • firm, irregular mass, crosses midline
  • Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (“dancing-eyes-dancing feet”)
  • HVA, VMA
  • Bombesin and neuron-specific enolase +ve
  • Over-express N-myc oncogene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pheochromocytoma rule of 10

A

10% - malignant, bilateral, extra-adrenal, calcify, kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pheochromocytoma associated conditions

A

neurofibromatosis type 1, von Hippel-Lindau disease, MEN 2A and 2B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pheochromocytoma Rx

A

Phenoxybenzamine ..THEN… B-blocker prior to ressection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypothyroid heart effect

A

Mucopolysaccharides deposited b/t fibers causing cardiomyopathy and low voltage EKG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cholesterol levels in hyper-/hypothyroidism

A

Hyperthyroidism - increased LDL receptor (hypocholesterolemia)
Hypothyroidism - decreased LDL receptor (hypercholesterolemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pretibial myxedema

A

Graves disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A
  • anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-microsomal), anti-thyroglobulin
  • Risk: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (marginal/B-cell)
  • Hurthle Cells
  • Non-tender
  • germinal centers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)

A

The 6 P’s (also short w/ coarse facial features)

  • Pot-bellied
  • Pale
  • Puffy-faced child
  • Protruding umbilicus
  • Protuberant tongue
  • Poor brain development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (de Quervain)

A
  • High ESR, jaw pain, TENDER thyroid

- often post viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Riedel thyroiditis

A
  • Fibrous replacement of thyroid
  • manifestation of IgG4-related systemic disease (autoimmune pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, noninfectious aortitis)
  • fixed, hard (rock-like) painless goiter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lithium on thyroid

A

hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Graves Rx

A

B-blockers, Thiomide (blocks peroxidase), Radioiodine ablation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Toxic multinodular

A

Focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells working independently of TSH d/t receptor mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Thyroid storm: COD, Lab, Rx

A
  • tachyarrhythmia
  • increased ALP
  • 3 P’s: Propanolol, Propylthiouracil, Prednisolone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Jod-Basedow phenomenon

A

thyrotoxicosis if a patient w/ iodine deficiency goiter is made iodine replete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Myoedema

A

found w/ hypothyroid myopathy and d/t slow resorption of Ca by SR (causes focal mounding of muscle following percussion) - also has increased CK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Non-toxic multinodular goiter

A
  • d/t relative iodine def

- euthyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Hyperthyroidism OGTT
rapid rise and rapid fall
26
Papillary carcinoma (thyroid)
- Orphan annie eye nucleus (central clearing) - psammoma bodies - nuclear grooves - Risk w/ RET and BRAF mutations or childhood radiation - Lymphatic invasion common
27
Follicular carcinoma vs follicular adenoma
- Invasion of capsule | - FNA doesnt distinguish!! (no biopsy b/c high blood supply)
28
Spread of follicular carcinoma
hematogenous
29
Medullary carcinoma
- amyloid stroma (calcitonin) - associated with MEN2A, 2B (RET) - hypocalcemia
30
Undifferentiated/anaplastic carcinoma vs Reidel thyroiditis
old vs. young
31
Lymphoma of thyroid?
Hashimoto's
32
Albright hereditary osteodystrophy
Pseudohypoparathyroidism - unresponsiveness of kidney to PTH - shortened 4th/5th digits, short stature - Gs prot mutation (GNAS1) - AD - Diagnose w/ PTH --> no increase in urinary cAMP or PO4 - Cafe-late spots, endocrine abnorm (precocious puberty)
33
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
- Defective CaSR on parathyroid cells | - mild hypercalcemia w/ normal/increased PTH
34
Factitious hypercalcemia
Hypergammablobinemia (increased Ca binding)
35
QT interval: hyercalcemia/hypocalcemia
``` shortened QT (hyper) prolonged QT (hypo) ```
36
Primary hyperparathyroism
Stones, Bones, Groans and psychiatric overtones
37
Cystic bone spaces filled with brown fibrous tissue (deposited hemosiderin from hemmorages)
Osteitis fibrosa cystica
38
Bone lesions from 2 * or 3* hyperparathyroidism due to renal disease
Renal osteodystrophy
39
Pituitary apoplexy
hemmorage into preexisting pituitary adenoma
40
Acromegaly Rx (alt. to surgery)
Octreotide (somatostatin analog) | Pegvisomant (GH-R antagonist)
41
urine specific gravity of DI
42
Hyperosmotic volume contraction
DI or proffuse sweating
43
Nephrogenic DI causes
Hereditary, hypercalcemia, lithium, demeclocycline (ADH antagonist)
44
Nephrogenic DI Rx
Hydrochlorothiazide indomethacin - PG's inhibit vassopressin action on kidney amiloride hydration
45
SIADH
- euvolemic hyponatremia with continued Na excretion (d/t decreased aldosterone levels) - urine osmolarity > plasma - cerebral edema and seizures
46
SIADH Rx
- Fluid restriction - IV hypertonic saline - Conivapton - Tolvaptan - Demeclocycline
47
Most common COD in diabetics
MI
48
Requirements for sorbitol accumulation
- Aldose reductase and decreased/absent sorbitol dehydrogenase - Schwann cells, retina, kidneys, lens
49
DKA K+ status
Hyperkalemia but decreased total body stores
50
Best glucose test for diabetes
1 - FBG | 2 - GTT (for Gestational or cystic fibrosis related diabetes or those with Sx but normal FBG)
51
Glucagonoma
- Dermatitis (necrolytic migratory erythema) - Diabetes - DVT - Depression
52
Somogyi effect
rebound hyperglycemia d/t counter reg hormones in response to hypoglycemia
53
Whipple triad
low blood glucose, hypoglycemia Sx's, improvement with glucose - seen in Insulinoma
54
Carcinoid rule of 1/3's
1/3 metastasize 1/3 present w/ 2nd malignancy 1/3 are multiple (most common malignancy of small intestine)
55
Positive secretin stimulation test? - associations? - hints?
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma) = gastrin levels remain raised - MEN1 - Distal (eg. jeujenal ulcers)
56
Somatostatinoma
- Achlorhydria (inhibits gastrin) | - Cholelithiasis and steatorrhea (inhibits CCK)
57
VIPoma
``` WDHA synd (watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria) - Rx. somatostatin ```
58
MEN1 (AD)
Pituitary (prolactin, GH) Parathyroid Pancreatic endocrine tumors (ZE, insulinoma, VIPoma, glucagonoma) [MEN1 gene - menin=tumor supressor]
59
MEN2A (AD)
Parathyroid hyperplasia Pheochromocytoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma (calcitonin) [RET gene - receptor tyrosine kinase]
60
MEN2B (AD)
``` Pheochromocytoma Medullary thyroid carcinoma Oral/intestinal ganglioneuromatosis (mucosal neuromas) [RET gene - receptor tyrosine kinase] marfanoid habitus ```
USMLE Step 1
flashcards
Decks in class (26)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions