Endocrine System

Question 1

Define hormones.

Answer 1

-small Chemical compounds produced by endocrine cells or glands

Question 2

Describe the Characteristics of hormones.

Answer 2

• release into blood and travel throughout body
• Reach a target cell and produce a response
• same hormones can have a different effect depending on the cells they reach
• some hormones only release under specific circumstances
• some hormones are always circulating

Question 3

What are the functions of hormones?

Answer 3

• regulate chemical composition of body fluids
• control glandular secretions
• control metabolism
• involved in immunity
• regulate reproduction
• regulate growth and development

Question 4

List the endocrine organs

Answer 4

• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary Gland
  
  • anterior
  • posterior
• Thyroid
• Adrenal Gland
• Pancreas
• Gonad
  
  • testes
  • ovaries

Question 5

what is the Hypothalamus

Answer 5

Region of the brainstem that receives info from nervous system and endocrine system and can respond by releasing hormones

Question 6

What organ does the hypothalamus hormones act on?

Answer 6

• anterior pituitary gland

- stimulates posterior pituitary to release it’s hormones

Question 7

What is another name for hypothalamus and why?

Answer 7

• master endocrine organ

- it controls the release of other hormones

Question 8

Describe the structure of the pituitary gland

Answer 8

• marble sized gland and base of the brain

- divided into anterior and posterior lobes

Question 9

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

Answer 9

-receives info from the hypothalamus

Question 10

What is the role of the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 10

-produces growth hormones

Question 11

what is growth hormone?

Answer 11

-affects cells by increasing protein synthesis

Question 12

What is the role of posterior pituitary gland

Answer 12

releases ADH (antidiuretic hormones)

Question 13

what is ADH?

Answer 13

• antidiuretic hormone
• targets kidneys causing water reabsorption
• maintains blood volume and pressure

Question 14

Where are the thyroid glands located

Answer 14

-Anterior surface of the trachea

Question 15

What is the role of the thyroid gland

Answer 15

Produces thyroid hormones

Question 16

What is the function of thyroid hormones?

Answer 16

• regulates metabolism
• targets heart, muscles, liver, and kidneys
• controls heat production

Question 17

What substance does the hormones of the thyroid contain

Answer 17

-iodine

Question 18

Describe the adrenal glands

Answer 18

-pair of glands located above the kidneys

Question 19

what are the 2 regions that make up the adrenal glands

Answer 19

• inner adrenal medulla

- outer adrenal cortex

Question 20

How does the adrenal medulla work?

Answer 20

• receives signal from nervous system
• produces 2 hormones
• Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 21

when are adrenal medulla hormones secreted?

Answer 21

• in response to stress (good or bad)

- yields the flight or fight response

Question 22

What stimulates the adrenal cortex

Answer 22

-stress

Question 23

What hormone is produced by the adrenal glands

Answer 23

-steroid hormone

Question 24

what is cortisol?

Answer 24

• hormone produced by adrenal cortex
• promotes conversion of protein and fat into glucose
• becomes available as fuel for flight or fight
• reduces inflammation temporarily to allow fight or flight with an injury

Question 25

What two body systems does the pancreas work with

Answer 25

- Exocrine or digestive system | - Endocrine functions

Question 26

Describe the exocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 26

-production of pancreatic juice which releases into pancreatic duct and small intestine

Question 27

what substances does the pancreatic juice contain?

Answer 27

- digestive enzymes | - bicarbonate ions

Question 28

Describe what carries out the endocrine functions of the pancreas

Answer 28

- small groups of cells called pancreatic islet cells | - in-dispersed within many exocrine cells

Question 29

What are the 2 hormones secreted by the pancreas

Answer 29

- insulin | - glucagon

Question 30

Describe the role of insulin

Answer 30

- secreted when blood glucose level are high - causes blood glucose to be taken up by metabolically active cells - causes glucose to be converted into glycogen to increase blood glucose levels

Question 31

describe the role of glucagon

Answer 31

- secreted when blood glucose levels are low | - causes glycogen in liver t be converted into glucose to increase blood glucose levels

Question 32

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 32

-a disorder with a decrease in insulin production or activity

Question 33

what are the 2 types of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 33

- Type 1 | - type 2

Question 34

Describe type 1 diabetes mellitus

Answer 34

- autoimmune destruction of insulin producing cells - body loses ability to use glucose in cells because insulin is not present in the blood - body uses cellular stores of protein and fat as energy - increase glucose levels means urinate glucose, water follows due to osmosis - managed by insulin injections

Question 35

Describe type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 35

-Insulin is produced however is not picked up by cell receptors

Question 36

what is the cause of type 2 diabetes

Answer 36

-faulty insulin production or a decrease in activity of insulin receptors on cells of the body

Question 37

How is type 2 DM managed

Answer 37

- diet | - carb restriction

Question 38

What are gonads

Answer 38

- Testes and ovaries - site of gamete production - hormone production for development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics - hormones produced also play role in behaviour

Question 39

Describe testes

Answer 39

- paired, external structures found in males | - produces sperm cells

Question 40

What hormones do testes produce

Answer 40

-androgens such as testosterone

Question 41

What is the role of testosterone?

Answer 41

- in embryo - determines gender as male | - in puberty: develops facial hair, voice changes, increase muscle mass, sperm production

Question 42

Describe ovaries

Answer 42

-paired structures in female that produce ova or eggs

Question 43

what hormones do ovaries produce

Answer 43

- estrogens | - progesterone

Question 44

What is the role of estrogens and progesterones?

Answer 44

at puberty - development of egg maturation and the ventral cycle prepared uterus for possible pregnancy - play role in pregnancy and lactation