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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

This form of Intercellular Communication utilizes chemical messengers released into bloodstream

A

Endocrine Communication

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2
Q

This form of Intercellular Communication is used by cardiac muscle cells to coordinate muscle contraction ( Transfered cell to cell).

A

Direct Communication

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3
Q

This form of Intercellular Communication utilizes Neurotransmitter that travel across synaptic cleft to target cell.

A

Synaptic Communication

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4
Q

What glands secrete hormones into the bloodstream and have Intracellular Effects?

A

Endocrine Glands

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5
Q

What glands release secretions via ducts onto Epithelial Surface and have Extracellular Effects?

A

Exocrine Glands

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6
Q

Which regulatory system do we utilize to handle urgent stresses (when QUICK response is needed)

A

Nervous System

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7
Q

Which regulatory system do we utilize to control growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism?

A

Endocrine System

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8
Q

When the Endocrine System is used to regulate body, results in what kind of effect?

A

Widespread + LONG-Lasting Effect

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9
Q

When the Nervous System is used to regulate body, results in what kind of effect?

A

Narrow + SHORT-Term Effect

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10
Q

Which class of hormones includes small molecules synthesized from Amino Acid Tryptophan or Tyrosine?
* Gives EXs:

A

Amino Acid Derivatives
* Thyroid Hormones ->Tyrosine
* Melatonin-> Tryptophan

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11
Q

What Amino Acid Derivatives Hormone binds Intracellularly?

A

Thyroid Hormones

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12
Q

What Amino Acid Derivatives Hormone binds Extracellularly?

A

Melatonin

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13
Q

Steroid Hormones are examples of what class of hormones?

A

Lipid Derivatives

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14
Q

Some Steriod Hormones include…..

A

(Androgens)
-Testosterone
-Estrogens
-Cortisol
-Progesterone
-Aldosterone

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15
Q

Lipid Derivatives- Androgens bind ………………………..

A

Androgens bind Intracellularly

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16
Q

Which class of hormones consist of Amino Acids?

A

Peptide Hormones

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17
Q

Peptide Hormones bind
………………………..

A

Extracellularly

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18
Q

Which SPECIFIC hormones bind to Intracellular Receptors?

A

Lipids-Thyroid Hormones.

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19
Q

Why do some hormones travel in the blood BOUND to a carrier protein?
* How does this affect their clearance + time of effectiveness?

A

Gives solubility in blood.
* ↓ clearance
* ↑ time of effectiveness

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20
Q

What determines a cell’s sensitivity to a hormone?

A

Presence of hormone RECEPTOR

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21
Q

When would hormone receptors be
“Down-Regulated”?

How would this affect sensitivity?

“Down think up” + S opposite

A

↑ Hormone Levels ⇒↓ Sensitivity

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22
Q

When would hormone receptors be “Up-Regulated”?

How would this affect sensitivity?

“Up think Down” +S opposite to down

A

↓ Hormone Levels ⇒↑ Sensitivity

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23
Q

When do cells become MORE sensitive to a hormone?

Think opposite relation

A

↓ Hormone Levels

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24
Q

When do cells become LESS sensitive to a hormone?

Think Opposite relation

A

↑ Hormone Levels

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25
The **Lipid Derivative** class of hormones ALL share what important **structural feature**?
**4 Carbon Rings**
26
In general, which hormones would be **LONGEST-Acting**? (Know how binding proteins affect length of effectiveness + which are BOUND hormones)
Steroids/Lipids ,**Thyroid Hormones** have a (**carrier protein**) ->↑ Time of effectiveness (LONGEST- Acting)
27
Hormones that **bind** **Extracellularly** have to utilize **......................** to elict/cause effects. * (Ex):cAMP
**Second Messengers**
28
The release of hormones from the **Anterior** Pituitary Gland is **controlled by** what?
**Releasing + Inhibiting Hormones (RH +IH) from Hypothalamus**
29
Regulatory/Releasing Hormones from the **Hypothalamus** :
* GRH * TRH * CRH etc...
30
Differences BTW **Anterior Pituitary** vs. **Posterior Pitutitary**?
**AP**-Contolled by Hypothalamus-> Thru Hypotheseal Portal System +Makes new hormones. VS. **PP**- ADH+Oxytocin-> Produce in Hypothalamus.
31
**....................** stimulates mammary gland development + milk production.
**Prolactin** (PRL)
32
Describe the succession of hormones : **Hypothalamus⇒ANTERIOR Pituitary ⇒Next Gland** | (Ex:) TRH⇒TSH⇒ T3+T4
* **TRH**⇒**TSH**⇒ T3+T4 * **GHRH**⇒**GH**⇒Somatomedins * **CRH**⇒**ACTH**⇒Glucorticoids+Androgens
33
What are the **effects** of Growth Hormone (**GH**)?
* **Release of Somatomedins** * **↑ Cell division, differentiation,growth** * **↑Protein synthesis** * **Lipid Catabolism**
34
**..............................** causes smooth muscle contraction leading to milk ejection from the nipple OR ejaculation from the penis.
**Oxytocin** (OXT)
35
Production of Thyroid Hormones (T3+T4) requires : * what **ion**? * What **protein**? * What **hormone**?
* **Iodine** * **Thyroglobulin** * **TSH**
36
Differences between T3 + T4
**T3**-> Active, 3 iodine **T4**-> Inactive until converted into T3, 4 iodine
37
A patient w/ **Hyperthyroidism** may present what **symptoms**?
* **Weight Loss** * **↑ HR, ↑ BP** * **Insomia** * **Sweating** * **Goiter (Swollen Thyroid)** * **Protruding eyes**
38
Hyperthyroidism is due to **..................** Disease. * What **hormone** is **↓** in response to Hyperthyroidism?
**Graves Disease** * **↓TSH** (Shown on Blood Test)
39
**Where** are Thyroid Hormones (T3+T4) made ?
**Thyroid Follicles**
40
Thyroid Hormones have what **effects**?
* **Uptake of Iodine** * **Production of Thyroglobulin** * **Production/Release of T3+T4** (Thyroid Hormones)
41
The hormone Calcitonin is released from Thyroid Gland in response to .**.................**
**↑ Calcium in Blood**
42
**OVERALL** Calcitonin has what effect?
**↓ Calcium Levels in Blood.**
43
Which hormones have an **Anti-inflammatory effect**?
Glucocorticoids
44
What are the **effects** of Aldosterone
* **↑Na+ and H20 Reabsorption** * **↑BV +↑BP** * **↑ Inflammation**
45
ADH does what to **BV + BP**?
**↑BP + ↑BV** ->Vasoconstriction
46
Where does **Parathyroid Hormone** come from?
**Parathyroid Gland**
47
Parathyroid Hormone is released in response to ↓ **...............** Levels in Blood.
**↓ Calcium** Levels in Blood.
48
**OVERALL** effect of Parathyroid Hormone:
**↑ Calcium Levels in Blood**
49
Glucocorticoids **accelerate** the **synthesis** of what?
**Glucose**
50
Glucocorticoids **accelerate** the **catabolism/breakdown** of what?
**Lipids**
51
Androgens .... **Where** are they made in the Endocrine System?
**Adrenal Cortex**
52
What **stimulates** Androgen release?
**ACTH**
53
Androgens are important in **.................**
**Females**
54
What does **Androgens** do?
* **↑ Muscle Mass** * **↑ Blood Cell Formation** * **↑ Sex Drive**
55
EPI/NE Hormones are made in what **Endocrine Organ**?
**Kidneys**
56
EPI/NE Hormones have what **effects**?
**STRESS EFFECT** * **↑ HR, ↑BP** * **↑Lipid Catabolism** * **↑Glycogenolysis** * **↑ Gluconeogenesis** (↑ Glucose Synthesis)
57
What **hormone** influences our basic circadian rhythms?
**Melatonin**
58
What else does **Melatonin** do?
* **Prevents sexual maturation until puberty**
59
**Insulin** is secreted from **..............** of the pancreas. * In response to ................
**Beta Cells** * In response to **↑ Blood Sugar** (↑ Glucose)
60
What are **effects** of Insulin?
* ↑Glucose Uptake * ↑ Protein Synthesis * ↑ Glycogenesis
61
Glucagon is secreted from **.................** in the Pancreas. * In response to ...............
**Alpha Cells** * In response to **↓ Blood Sugar** (↓ Blood Glucose)
62
Which **pancreatic hormone** stimulates Gluconeogenesis in the liver? | "INCREASE make new Glucuse"
**Glucagon**
63
What is **Gluconeogenesis**?
**↑ Glucose Sysnthesis**
64
**Hypoglycemia** describes what?
**↓ Blood Sugar**
65
**Hyperglycemia** describes what?
**↑ Blood Sugar**
66
**Diabetes Mellitus** is characterized by what?
* **Hyperglycemia** * **Glucose in Urine** * **Polyuria** * **Polydipsia** * **Polyphagia**
67
**Type 1** Diabetes Mellitus is also known as what?
**Insulin Dependent Diabetes**
68
What are the differences BTW **Type 1+ Type 2** Diabetes?
* **T1**- Insulin Dependent, Destroy Beta Cells, Younger. VS. * **T2**- Obesity, Insulin Resistance, Older, MOST COMMON.
69
What is "**Glucose Sparing Effect**"? * Why do some hormones have this effect?
**Free up AA or FA +Use those for ATP**. * ↓ Glucose or nutrients needed.
70
ACTH comes from the **................**
ACTH comes from the **Anterior Pituitary.**
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