Endocrine System

Question 1

Causes of hormone hyposecretion

Answer 1

Agenesis
Atrophy
Destruction

Question 2

Causes of hormone hypersecretion

Answer 2

Tumor
Hyperplasia

Question 3

Effect of prolonged hyperstimulation by trophic hormones

Answer 3

Hyperfunction and also enlargement of peripheral endocrine glands

Question 4

Paraneoplastic syndrome of small cell carcinoma

Answer 4

Can produce ACTH and/or ADH leading to cushings syndrome

Increased sodium retention.

Question 5

Paraneoplastic syndrome of squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 5

May produce parathyroid hormone related polypeptide which leads to signs of hyperparathyroidism.

Question 6

Anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 6

Characteristic, developmental
GH
TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH
PRL

Question 7

Adenohypophysis

Question 8

Posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 8

ADH
Oxytocin

Question 9

Neurohypophysis

Question 10

Adrenal glands impaired by TB effect on pituitary

Answer 10

No negative feedback, continued ACTH production —> cushings.

Question 11

Causes of pituitary hypofunction

Answer 11

Trauma, ischemia, brain tumours destroying the hypothalamus/pituitary stalk, congenital developmental defects.

Question 12

Mass effect of the pituitary

Answer 12

Compression of structures such as optic chiasm or basal brain portion

Question 13

Causes of pituitary hyperfunction

Answer 13

Pituitary adenomas

Question 14

Clinical features of prolactinoma

Answer 14

Amenorrhea and galactorrhea

Question 15

Clinical features of somatotrophic adenoma

Answer 15

Acromegaly in the postpubertal patient, or gigantism in the prepubertal patient.

Question 16

• A 40-year-old woman noticed enlargement of her feet (suddenly ill-fitting shoes) and hands.
She had a prominent lower jaw and noticed that her teeth were becoming separated from one another. What could have caused these symptoms?

Answer 16

• Enlargement of the feet, hands, and jaw is typical of acromegaly, which is caused by growth hormone-secreting tumors of the pituitary.

Question 17

Panhypopituitarism

Answer 17

Pituitary hypofunction involving all pituitary cells

Question 18

Acute postpartum pituitary insufficiency cause

Answer 18

Due to ischemia related postpartum pituitary necrosis.

Blood loss, closure of small arteries to the pituitary.

Question 19

Presentation of pituitary hypofunction

Answer 19

General weakness, cold intolerance, poor appetite, weight loss, hypotension

Question 20

Result of pituitary insufficiency in childhood

Answer 20

Dwarfism

Question 21

Diseases of the posterior pituitary causes

Answer 21

Tumours
Infection of brain/meninges
Intracranial hemorrhage
Trauma of skull base or transection of pituitary stalk

Question 22

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 22

Lack on antidiuretic hormone (ADH), polyuria (hypotonic urine compensatory)

Question 23

Causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 23

Graves disease
Idiopathic nodular hyperplasia
Adenoma
Exogenous thyroid medicaiton

Question 24

Graves disease mechanism

Answer 24

Autoantibodies to the TSH receptors on the surface of follicular cells
More often seen in women.

Question 25

Causes of nodular goiter

Answer 25

Iodine deficiency Idiopathic

Question 26

Secondary changes of goiter

Answer 26

Calcification, hemorrhage, and atrophy.

Question 27

Causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 27

Developmental - aplasia Thyroiditis - Hasimoto’s Thyroidectomy Iodine deficiency

Question 28

Benign tumours of the thyroid

Answer 28

Follicular ademona, 3-4% of all adults, nonsignificant.

Question 29

Malignant thyroid tumours

Answer 29

Papillary carcinoma Follicular carcinoma Medullary carcinoma Anaplastic carcinoma

Question 30

Most common malignant thyroid tumours

Answer 30

80% are papillary carcinomas, usually low grade with favourable prognosis.

Question 31

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid histology

Answer 31

Contains C cells Can produce calcitonin