ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

The Endocrine Sys. is a ____ type of system of the body

A

regulating

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2
Q

The endocrine system regulates the… (6)

A
  • growth of tissues
  • repair of tissues
  • the use of foods
  • resistance to stress
  • pH of fluids
  • reproduction
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3
Q

What does the Endocrine glands secrete?

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Hormones are secreted directly into…?

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

What circulates the blood throughout the body?

A

Hormones

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6
Q

Hormones exert very specific effects on what tyoe of organs?

A

Target organs

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7
Q

Hormones are classified by their structure into 3 groups

Name the groups:

A
  • Amines
  • Proteins
  • Steroids
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8
Q

Define Amines

A

-simple hormones
-structural variations of the amino acid tryosine
ex// thyroxine, epinephrine & norepinephrine

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9
Q

Define Proteins

A

-chains of amino acids

ex// Insulin (pancreas), growth hormone (anterior pituitary gland), calcitonin (thyroid)

  • short chains of amino acids are called peptides
  • ADH, oxytocin (hypothalmus)
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10
Q

Define Steroids

A

cholesterol is the precursor (comes before) for cortisol, aldosterone (adrenal cortex), estrogen, progesterone (gonads)

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11
Q

What do the cells of the endocrine glands respond to?

A

to changes in the blood or other hormones in the blood

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12
Q

Explain Negative feedback mechanism

A

information about the effects of the hormone is “fed back” to the gland, which then decreases its secretion of the hormone.

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13
Q

Insulin, GH and Glucagon are..

A

proteins

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14
Q

ADH and oxytocin are..

A

peptides

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15
Q

Pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

within the sella turcica, below the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)

A
  • stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

- ADH and Oxytocin

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17
Q

Antiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A
  • increases water reabsorption by the kidneys

- in large amounts causes vasoconstriction

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18
Q

Result of ADH

A
  • decreases urinary output
  • Increases blood volume
  • Increases BP
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19
Q

Stimulus of ADH

A

-nerve impulses from hypothalamus when body water decreases for any reason

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20
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • stimulates contraction of the myometrium during labor

- stimulates release of milk from mammary glands

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21
Q

Stimulus for oxytocin

A

-nerve impulses from hypothalamus as cervix is stretched or suckling on nipple

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22
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland (adenohypophysis)

A
  • secretions are regulated by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
  • hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH, Prolactin
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23
Q

Growth Hormone (increases 4 things)

A

1) increases amino acid transport into cells.
2) Increases protein synthesis.

3) Increases mitosis.
4) Increases use of fats for energy.

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24
Q

Stimulus for GH

Study These Flashcards
A

GHRH from the hypothalamus

25
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
– increases secretion of thyroxine and T3.
26
Stimulus for TSH
TRH from the hypothalamus
27
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
– increases secretion of cortisol
28
Stimulus for ACTH
CRH from the hypothalamus
29
Prolactin
-stimulates milk production
30
Stimulus for prolactin
PRH from the hypothalamus
31
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-women: initiates development of ova in ovarian follicles and >secretion of estrogen. -men: initiates sperm development in tested >secretion of testosterone
32
Stimulus for FSH
GnRH from the hypothalamus
33
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- women: stimulates ovulation and secretion of progesterone. - men: stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes
34
Stimulus for LH
GnRH from the hypothalamus
35
Pituitary Gland consists of two lobes
1) Posterior pituitary gland | 2) Anterior pituitary gland
36
Thyroid Gland
-Located is the front & sides of the trachea, just below the larynx
37
What are the structural units of the thyroid gland
-thyroid follicles which produce thyroxine(T4), & triiodothyronine (T3).
38
what is the third hormone of the thyroid gland
- The 3rd hormone is calcitonin & it is secreted by parafollicular cells. - decreases reabsorption of calcium from bones - lowers blood calcium level
39
Parathyroid Gland
- Four glands, two on the back of each lobe on the thyroid gland - Produces parathyroid hormone
40
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- antagonist to calcitonin | - Increases the reabsorption of calcium & phosphorus from bones to the blood
41
What are the target organs for PTH
bones, small intestine,& kidneys
42
Pancreas
-Located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, extending from the curve of the duodenum to the spleen
43
Pancreatic Islets
- in Islets of Langerhans | - the hormone-producing cells that contain alpha cells (glucagon) & beta cells (insulin)
44
Adrenal medulla
- fight or flight - Norepinephrine - Epinephrine
45
Adrenal Cortex
-secretes 3 types of steroid hormones: 1)Mineralocorticoids 2)Glucocorticoids 3)Sex hormones estrogen, females androgens, male
46
Ovaries
-Secrete steroids Estrogen Progesterone
47
Estrogen
- promotes the maturation of the ovum in the ovarian follicle - stimulates the growth of blood vessels in the endometrium - responsible for the secondary sex characteristics
48
Progesterone
- promotes the storage of glycogen - enhances growth of blood vessels in the uterus - develops the secretory cells of the mammary glands
49
Inhibin
-decreases the secretion of FSH by the anterior pituitary gland
50
Testes
- Located in the scrotum | - Secrete testosterone & inhibin
51
Testosterone
- promotes the maturation of sperm | - stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics.
52
Inhibin
- decreases the secretion of FSH | - maintains spermatogenesis at a constant rate
53
Melatonin
- secreted by the pineal gland; | - stimulates the onset of sleep & increases its duration
54
Prostagladins
-made by all cells from the phospholipids of their cell membrane
55
A hormone affects cells that..
that have receptors for it
56
The receptors may be part of the cell membrane or within the...
nucleus or cytoplasm of the target cell
57
Once the hormone ______ has bonded on or in its target cell it stimulates the formation of ________
- (1st messenger) | - cyclic AMP (2nd messenger)
58
Cyclic AMP
activates the cell’s enzymes to bring about the cells characteristics response to a hormone
59
Affects of Aging
- decreased secretions - decreased muscle mass - increase in fat storage - lower basal metabolic rate
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