Urinary System

Question 1

Urinary system

Answer 1

• Consists of 2 kidneys
• 2 ureters
• the bladder
• the urethra

Question 2

Kidneys

Answer 2

• formation of urine
• To excrete waste products
• To regulate volume, electrolytes, & pH of blood & tissue fluid

Question 3

Renal fascia

Answer 3

fibrous connective tissue membrane covering kidneys

Question 4

Kidney location

Answer 4

• Upper abdominal cavity; retroperitoneal on either side of the vertebral column
• Upper portion rest on the lower surface of the diaphragm
• Enclosed & protected by the lower rib cage
• Embedded in adipose tissue – protective cushion

Question 5

Medulla (pyramids)

Answer 5

Inner tissue layer made up of loops of Henle & collecting tubules

Question 6

Cortex

Answer 6

Outer tissue layer is made of renal corpuscles & convoluted tubles

Question 7

what collects urine

Answer 7

calyces at the hilus

Question 8

Renal pelvis

Answer 8

a cavity formed by the expansion of the ureter within the kidney at the hilus
funnel shaped extensions (calyces) enclose the papillae of the renal pyramids

Question 9

urine flows from the ______
to ______
to the ______
out into the ______

Answer 9

pyramids
calyces
pelvis
ureter

Question 10

Each kidney contains about 1 million

Answer 10

nephrons

Question 11

Nephrons

Answer 11

Functional unit of the kidney- consists of

Question 12

Renal corpuscle

Answer 12

• Glomerulus

- Bowman’s capsule

Question 13

Glomerulus

Answer 13

capillary network that arises from the afferent arteriole & empties into the efferent arteriole

Question 14

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 14

• encloses the glomerulus
• expanded end of the renal tubule
• inner layer made of podocytes, very permeable, outer layer not permeable
• space between the layers contains renal filtrate which comes from the blood & will become urine

Question 15

Renal tubule

Answer 15

• consists of proximal convoluted tubule
• loop of Henle
• distal convoluted tubule & collecting tubule

Question 16

Distal convoluted tubule & collecting tubule

Answer 16

• collecting tubules unite to form papillary ducts

- empty urine into the calyces of the renal pelvis)

Question 17

Two sets of ____ provide for two ____ of exchanges

Answer 17

capillaries

sites

Question 18

Two sets of capillaries provide for two sites of exchanges between

Answer 18

the blood & tissues in the process of urine formation

Question 19

BLADDER

Answer 19

• Muscular sac below the peritoneum
• Mucosa
• Trigone
• Detrusor muscle
• Internal urethral sphincter

Question 20

Bladder location

Answer 20

• behind the pubic bone

- in women below the uterus; in men above the prostrate gland

Question 21

Mucosa

Answer 21

• transitional epithelial tissue folded into

- Reservoir - can hold 800mls + of urine

Question 22

Trigone

Answer 22

• triangular area on the bladder floor
• bounded by opening of the ureters & urethra
• does not expand

Question 23

Detrusor muscle

Answer 23

smooth muscle layer, spherical

Question 24

Internal urethral sphincter

Answer 24

involuntary

surrounds the opening to the urethra

Question 25

URETERS

Answer 25

- 2 ureters - Extend from the hilus of the kidney to the lower posterior side of the bladder Peristalsis of the smooth muscle layer propels the urine toward the bladder

Question 26

_____ of the smooth muscle layer ____ the urine toward the ____

Answer 26

Peristalsis propels bladder

Question 27

URETHRA

Answer 27

- Takes urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body; urinary meatus - Has the external urethral sphincter

Question 28

Female urethra

Answer 28

- approximately 1-1.5 inches long | - anterior to the vagina

Question 29

Male urethra

Answer 29

- 7-8 inches long | - passes through the prostrate gland & penis

Question 30

FORMATION of URINE

Answer 30

- Glomerular filtration | - Tubular reabsorption

Question 31

Glomerular filtration

Answer 31

takes place from the glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule

Question 32

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 32

takes place from the filtrate in the renal tubule to the blood in the peritubular capillaries; ( 99% is reabsorbed, 1% becomes urine)

Question 33

REABSORPTION

Answer 33

- 4 processes that occur in the proximal convoluted tubule (microvilli) - Active transport - Passive transport - Osmosis - Pinocytosis

Question 34

Active transport

Answer 34

reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, vitamins & +ions

Question 35

Passive transport

Answer 35

- (-) ions follow the (+) ion

Question 36

Osmosis

Answer 36

H2O, minerals & sodium ions

Question 37

Pinocytosis

Answer 37

small proteins are reabsorbed | engulfed by the membrane of the convoluted tubule

Question 38

Tubular secretion

Answer 38

takes place from the blood in the peritubular capillaries to the filtrate in the renal tubule

Question 39

Hormones that affect reabsorption

Answer 39

are aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, antidiuretic hormone & parthyroid hormone

Question 40

URINE ELIMINATION

Answer 40

- Ureters - Peristalsis of smooth muscle layer propels urine toward bladder - Bladder

Question 41

Bladder in urine elimination

Answer 41

- the smooth muscle layer (Detrusor muscle) in the wall contracts - the internal urethral sphincter relaxes - the external urethral sphincter is voluntarily relaxed & the bladder is emptied

Question 42

URINATION REFLEX

Answer 42

- Stimulus - Sensory impulses to the spinal cord - Motor impulses - Internal urethral sphincter - External urethral sphincter

Question 43

Stimulus

Answer 43

-stretching of the Detrusor by accumulating urine, (200-400 mls)

Question 44

Motor impulses

Answer 44

return to the detrusor muscle, which contracts

Question 45

Internal urethral sphincter

Answer 45

relaxes

Question 46

External urethral sphincter

Answer 46

provides voluntary control

Question 47

Amount of urine

Answer 47

1-2 liters/24hours

Question 48

Colour of urine

Answer 48

straw/amber | clear/cloudy

Question 49

Constituents of urine

Answer 49

urine is approx 95% water

Question 50

pH of urine

Answer 50

4.6-8.0

Question 51

Specific gravity of urine

Answer 51

1.010-1.025

Question 52

Nitrogenous waste of urine

Answer 52

waste products

Question 53

Other functions of the kidneys

Answer 53

- Acid-base balance - Secretion of renin - Secretion of erythropoietin in response to hypoxia - Activation of vitamin D

Question 54

Acid-base balance

Answer 54

- if the body fluids are too acidic | - If body fluids are too alkaline

Question 55

If the body fluids are too acidic

Answer 55

- the kidneys excrete H+ions - return HCO3-ions to the blood - the pH is raised back to normal

Question 56

If body fluids are too alkaline

Answer 56

- kidneys return H+ions to the blood | - excrete HCO3-ions

Question 57

EFFECTS of AGING

Answer 57

- The # of nephrons in the kidney decrease (half the original number by the age of 70-80 yrs - Kidneys lose some of their concentrating ability - GFR decreases - Bladder decreases in size - Increased risk of infection