energy

Question 1

cellular respiration

Answer 1

extracting the energy from sugars and other fuels and storing them in the bonds of ATP

Question 2

uses of ATP

Answer 2

• too numerous to list

- includes active transport, muscle contraction, metabolism, bioluminescence

Question 3

photophores

Answer 3

• special cells that release energy in the form of light

- you should probably figure out what the function of this is

Question 4

metabolism

Answer 4

• all of an organisms chemical reactions
• very responsive to subtle changes (enzymes regulate)
• tends to flow on metabolic pathway

Question 5

metabolism =

Answer 5

anabolism + catabolism

Question 6

correlation between metabolic rate and unit body mass?

Answer 6

inverse relationship (larger mass = lower metabolic rate)

Question 7

kinetic energy

Answer 7

associated with the relative motion of objects. moving objects can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. can show up as heat or light too (dragon fish)

Question 8

heat or thermal energy

Answer 8

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

Question 9

endotherms

Answer 9

get their body temperature from exergonic reactions

Question 10

ectotherms

Answer 10

rely on environment for body temp

Question 11

potential energy

Answer 11

an object not in motion that has energy because of its location or structure

Question 12

chemical energy

Answer 12

• potential energy stored in bonds, ready for chemical release
• ATP
• ex: chemical energy can be turned back into kinetic energy when you write or when a firefly glows

Question 13

thermodynamics

Answer 13

the study of energy transformations or the effects of work, heat, and energy on a system

Question 14

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 14

• energy can be transferred or transformed but never created or destroyed
• energy flows
• known as principle of conservation of energy

Question 15

what happens to the energy after it has performed work?

Answer 15

• some energy is lost as heat and dissipates into surroundings
• heat doesn’t really help an organism other than giving it its body temp

Question 16

entropy

Answer 16

• a measure of disorder or randomness

- (losing energy makes the world more disordered)

Question 17

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 17

• every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
• (i.e. there is an unstoppable trend toward randomization of biological systems and the universe as a whole)

Question 18

spontaneous process

Answer 18

• a process that occurs without the input of energy
• (spontaneous = energetically favorable, not quick)
• spontaneous processes increase the entropy of the universe

Question 19

free energy

Answer 19

the energy available to do work

Question 20

excess free energy

Answer 20

results in storage or growth

Question 21

insufficient free energy

Answer 21

results in loss of mass and ultimately death

Question 22

reproduction and rearing

Answer 22

-requires free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth
-some organisms have seasonal reproduction
(go look at the monarch example)

Question 23

photosynthetic organisms

Answer 23

energy from sun

Question 24

chemosynthetic organisms

Answer 24

small inorganic molecules (with or without oxygen present)

Question 25

heterotrophs

Answer 25

metabolize lipids, carbs, and proteins

Question 26

order

Answer 26

- life requires a highly ordered system - order is maintained by constant free energy input into the system - loss of order or free energy flow results in death

Question 27

free energy change in a reaction tells you what?

Answer 27

if the reaction occurs spontaneously

Question 28

Gibbs free energy

Answer 28

🔺G = 🔺H - T🔺S 🔺G: free energy available in system 🔺H: enthalpy or total energy in system (usually heat) T: temp in Kelvin 🔺S: entropy or disorder of a system

Question 29

decrease 🔺H =

Answer 29

decrease 🔺G

Question 30

increase T =

Answer 30

decrease 🔺G

Question 31

increase 🔺S =

Answer 31

decrease 🔺G

Question 32

🔺G > 0

Answer 32

- non spontaneous and will not go without the input of energy - endergonic - decrease 🔺S (bonds made)

Question 33

🔺G < 0

Answer 33

- spontaneous and will of by itself - exergonic - increase 🔺S (bonds broken)

Question 34

🔺G = 0

Answer 34

no work is done

Question 35

photosynthesis

Answer 35

- endergonic - decreases entropy - +🔺G - 🔺G = 6386 kcal/mol - activation E: sun

Question 36

cellular respiration

Answer 36

- exergonic - increases entropy - -🔺G - 🔺G = -686 kcal/mol

Question 37

bioenergetics

Answer 37

- overall flow of energy in an animal | - determines nutritional needs and is related to the animals size, activity, and environment

Question 38

metabolic rate

Answer 38

- amount of energy used in a unit of time | - the larger the animal, the more mass they have and the more energy they require

Question 39

basal metabolic rate

Answer 39

minimum metabolic rate for basic functions such as maintenance, heart beat, respiration, etc

Question 40

relationship b/w overall metabolic rate and body mass is

Answer 40

constant and linear

Question 41

the energy it takes to maintain each gram of body mass is

Answer 41

inversely related to size