Energy System

Question 1

what is atp

Answer 1

adenosine triphosphate is used to supply energy

Question 2

what does atp do

Answer 2

• when broken down it gives energy for immediate muscle contractions.
• a small store is found in muscle cells which can be used immediately, but this only lasts for 2-3 seconds.
• this means the body has to resynthesises ATP so it can be used for longer.
• it does this by using 1 of 3 energy systems

Question 3

what does atp consist of

Answer 3

• 1 adenosine molecule
• 3 phosphate molecules

Question 4

how does atp release energy

Answer 4

ATP is broken down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate molecule.
- when this happens energy is realised as the bond is broken

Question 5

explain how atp works like a rechargeable battery

Answer 5

• in order for ATP to be restored in the muscle the bond between ADP and phosphate has to be rebuilt.
• the energy systems provide energy needed to rebuild this bond and turn ADP back to ATP.

Question 6

how does the ATP-PC (alactic) system work in exercise and sports performanece

Answer 6

• ATP is stored in muscle cells, we only have enough to last 2-3 seconds.
• another key substance is phosphocreatine which is an energy rich compound in the sarcoplasm.
• it is broken down quickly and easily to resynthesise ATP quickly.
• the atp-pc is a system that will provide energy for 8-10 seconds eg weightlifting
• phosphocreatine lasts 6-8 seconds. it can only replenish itself during low intensity exercise and when oxygen is present
• when all ATP stores are used we are left with ADP, it takes a ratio of 1:10 recovery rate.
• when phosphocreatine is broken it releases energy that is used to resynthesise ATP

Question 7

is the atp-pc system aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 7

anaerobic

Question 8

what is the energy source of the atp-pc system

Answer 8

phosphocreatine

Question 9

how long does the atp-pc system last

Answer 9

8-10 seconds

Question 10

what is the recovery time of the atp-pc system

Answer 10

ratio 1:10

Question 11

sporting example for the atp-pc system

Answer 11

shot put, high jump, javelin

Question 12

what does the lactate system do in exercise and sports

Answer 12

• when the atp-pc system begins to fade around 10 seconds, the process of anaerobic glycolysis begins.
• this system breaks down the liver and muscle glycogen stores without needing the presence of oxygen
• the breakdown of glucose and glycogen releases energy which can be used to resynthesise ATP
• the breakdown of glucose produces three molecules of ATP, whereas the breakdown of glycogen can produce two molecules of ATP

Question 13

is the lactate system aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 13

anaerobic

Question 14

what is the energy source for the lactate system

Answer 14

glucose and glycogen

Question 15

how long does the lactate system last

Answer 15

1-2 mins

Question 16

what is the recovery time of the lactate system

Answer 16

8 mins

Question 17

sporting example of the lactate system

Answer 17

400m

Question 18

what does the aerobic system do in exercise and sports

Answer 18

• aerobic energy production occurs in the mitochondria of the muscle cells
• the aerobic system relies on the breakdown of stored fats and carbohydrates to produce energy.
• improved aerobic fitness makes it easier for the body to covert these food sources
• the production of energy within the aerobic system is slow to engage because it takes a few minutes for the heart to deliver oxygenated blood to working muscles
• long, continuous and moderate exercise, such as long distance running, produces energy using this system

Question 19

the aerobic system can be broken down into 3 processes…

Answer 19

1. aerobic glycolysis
2. the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
3. the electron transport chain

Question 20

the aerobic glycolysis (2)

Answer 20

• the first stage takes place in the sarcoplasm of muscle cell
• glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid via the phosphofructokinase
• during glycolysis, everyone 1 molecule of glucose, produces 2 molecules of ATP
• pyruvic acid will turn into two different compounds depending on the presence of oxygen; if oxygen is present then it will be converted into acetyl coenzyme A. if there is not sufficient oxygen present it will turn into the fatigue including lactic acid.
• as oxygen is present (aerobic system), pyruvic acid enters the next stage, oxidised and carried as acetyl coenzyme A

Question 21

Krebs cycle (2)

Answer 21

• takes place in the mitochondria
• pyruvic acid is oxidised and carried into the Krebs cycle via Acetyl Coenzyme A.
• as a result, CO2 (breathed out), H20, hydrogen atoms and 2 ATP are produced.
• the hydrogen atoms enter the third stage of the aerobic system

Question 22

electron transport chain (34)

Answer 22

• takes place in the mitochondria
• hydrogen atoms enter the electron transport chain, lots of energy is produced
• enough to resynthesise 34 more ATP.
• consequently, that 1 molecule of glucose/fat/protein has produced 38 ATP.
• a really high energy yield

Question 23

is the aerobic system aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 23

aerobic

Question 24

what is the energy source of aerobic system

Answer 24

carbohydrates and fats

Question 25

how long does the aerobic system last

Answer 25

over 4 mins

Question 26

recovery time of the aerobic system

Answer 26

a few hours to 2-3 days depending on intensity of the activity

Question 27

sporting example of aerobic system

Answer 27

marathon long distance swimming

Question 28

what are the adaptations of the energy system to exercise

Answer 28

1. increased creatine stores 2. increased tolerance to lactic acid 3. improved aerobic energy system 4. increased use of fats as an energy source 5. increased storage of glycogen and number of mitochondria

Question 29

increased creatine stores

Answer 29

- short duration/high intensity training will improve your ability to produce aerobic energy. - your body will adapt by being able to store more creatine in your muscles - this will improve the atp-pc system and as a result, improved exercise anaerobically for longer durations, faster and more powerful repeated movements

Question 30

increased tolerance to lactic acid

Answer 30

- anaerobic training makes us better able to tolerate lactic acid - endurance training extends capillary networks, allowing greater supply to the muscles of oxygen and nutrients - this body becomes more efficient at using oxygen and we are able to oxidise pyruvic acid more consistently

Question 31

improved aerobic energy system

Answer 31

- long term exercise will improve the ability of aerobic energy system - improvements in the cardiovascular system will allow for increased oxygen to be delivered (larger capillary bed) - this is needed to resynthesise ATP aerobically - likewise, adaptations of the cardiovascular system will aid removal of lactic acid through oxidation/diffusion

Question 32

increased use of fats as an energy source

Answer 32

- using fats as a fuel during the aerobic system: beta oxidation - fat is the primary energy source for low-intensity exercise - fat oxidation increases if exercise extends beyond 90mins - 2 hours and glycogen gets depleted - trained athletes will burn fat more efficiently and delivering oxygen

Question 32

increased storage of glycogen and number of mitochondria

Answer 32

- muscles increase their oxidative capacity with regular training - this is because; increased mitochondria within muscle cells, increased in the supply in ATP, increased in quantity of enzymes activity, the ability of the muscle to store glycogen

Question 33

additional factors affecting the energy systems

Answer 33

diabetes hypoglycaemic attack children's lack of lactate system

Question 34

diabetes

Answer 34

a condition where the amount of glucose in the blood is too high. (type 1) - glucose cannot enter the body's cells to be used as fuel so it builds up in the blood - insulin is the hormone produced by the pancreas that allows glucose to enter the bodys cells, therefore, those suffering will require an insulin pump

Question 35

hypoglycaemic attack

Answer 35

hypoglycaemia is an abnormally low level of glucose in the blood - when glucose levels are too low your body does not have energy energy to cary out its activities - hypoglycaemia occurs when someone with diabetes takes too much insulin, misses a meal or exercises too hard - warning signs: hungry, trembling, shaking, sweating, confusion, difficulty concentrating

Question 36

children's lack of lactate system

Answer 36

children's body systems are growing and developing. significant changes occur during puberty. - one area is in the lactate system as it is not fully developed. - during high intensity, lactic builds up, its more difficult for children to remove it as a waste product. - as a result children should only engage in aerobic exercise.