Engine Systems

Question 1

Fuel System: Disadvantages and Advantages

Answer 1

FUEL INJECTED, Gravity Fed

56 Gallons Total
53 Useable

Positives:
Easier to COLD Start, more fuel efficient, icing resistant, more precise

Disadvantages:
Difficult to HOT start, fuel vaporization and more expensive

Question 2

What is Fuel Vaporization? How do we Prevent?

Answer 2

During hot operations the liquid fuel will start to boil turning into vapor, can cause vapor lock, hard starts and engine misfires.

FUEL RETURN LINE: routes unused or excess fuel from the fuel air control unit back to the fuel revisor when the fuel are ratio is off balance (measure by rate)

Prevention:
Circulates cooler fuel (prevents boiling), maintains positive pressure (keeps bubbles from forming), flushes vapors

Question 3

Fuel System Flow

Answer 3

Gravity Fed System:

1) Tanks
2) Fuel Selector
3) Fuel Reservoir
4) Aux Fuel Pump
5) Fuel Shutoff Valve
6) Fuel Strainer
7) Engine Driven Fuel Pump
8) Fuel Air Control Unit
9) Fuel Flow Transducer
10) Fuel Distribution Unit
11) Fuel Lines
12) Fuel Nozzles

Engine Airframe Unit: gets info from the fuel flow transducer, digests it in the Air Data Computer makes it readable on the PFD

Question 4

Fuel Types

Answer 4

100LL- Blue (low lead)
100- Green

CANNOT MIX

Question 5

Oil System

Answer 5

Wet Sump Gravity Fed System

8 quart system with (additional one quart kept in the Sump under the engine)
Legal takeoff 5 quarts Auburn (At least 6 quarts)

Question 6

Oil System Flow

Answer 6

1) Oil Sump
2) Filter
3) Engine Driven Oil Pump
4) Oil Filter
bypass valve
5) Thermostatic Bypass (determines Temperature)
Oil Cooler (if too HOT)
6) Gauges
7) Pressure Relief Value (if needed)
8) Engine
9) Gravity fed to Sump (bottom of engine)

Question 7

What kind of Engine do we have?

Answer 7

Lycoming IO- 360- L2A
180 HP 2700 RPM

Question 8

Explain IO- 360-L2A

Answer 8

I = Fuel Injected
O = Horizontally Opposed
360 = 360 cubic inches of displacement
L2A= Accessory Package

Question 9

L2A: Accessory Package List

Answer 9

6 items!!!

1. Starter
2. Alternator
3. Dual Mags
4. Vacuum Pump
5. Engine Driven Fuel Pump
6. Full Flow Oil Filter

Question 10

Engine Specs

Answer 10

Fuel Injected
Horizontally Opposed
Naturally Aspirated
Air Cooled
Four Cylinder
Direct Drive

Question 11

Fuel Injected & Benefits

Answer 11

Fuel is injected directly into the pistons (mixed with air from the Fuel Air Control Unit)

Benefits: more precise, more fuel efficient, easier to COLD start, resistant to icing

Question 12

Horizontall Opposed & Benefits

Answer 12

“Flat Engine” pistons sit out to the side pushes to the engine and away

Benefits: lowers the center of gravity, better aerodynamics, fits into the fuselage better

Question 13

Naturally Aspirated & Benefits

(Include brief Definition of Superchargers and Turbochargers)

Answer 13

No Turbo Chargers or Super Chargers, (only goes the speed of the engines RPM)

Benefits: engine runs cooler, fewer moving parts, no turbo lag

Turbocharger : compressor compresses exhaust gas spin a turbine (exhaust needs to build up)
Supercharger : belt driven by the engine, connected to crankshaft and forces more air into the cylinders (instantaneous)

Question 14

Air-cooled & Benefits

Answer 14

NOT liquid cooled, uses baffles and fins to aerate engine, increases surface area

Benefits: lighters, simpler (no hoses or pumps, less leaks)

Question 15

Four Cylinder & Benefits

Answer 15

Operates on a 4 stroke cycle: Intake, Compression, Combustion, and Exhaust

Benefits: better performance as each cylinder operates on a different cycle therefore each is generating power, mechanical simplicity, higher torque, more efficient

Question 16

Direct Drive & Benefits

Answer 16

The crank shaft is connect directly to the Propeller

Benefits: minimizes maintenance, simple, compact and streamlined

Question 17

Electrical System

Answer 17

28 Volt Direct Current Electrical System with (2) 24 volt Main and Standby Batteries, Powered by a 60 Ampere Belt Driven Alternator

ALL CONTROLLED BY THE MASTER

Question 18

Standby Battery

Answer 18

Runs the Essential Bus
30 mins of Run time if the Alternator Fails

Question 19

Essential Bus

Answer 19

AHRS, ADC, Nav 1, Comm 1, Stndby Batt, Stndy Indicator Lights, PFD, EAU

Question 20

Main Battery

Answer 20

Runs the Electrical System
6 Electrical Buses

Electrical Bus 1 - Avionics Bus 1
Electrical Bus 2 - Avionics Bus 2

Connected Via a Crossfeed Bus

Question 21

Alternator

Answer 21

CHARGES BATTERIES & RUNS 28 VOLT SYSTEM

60 Ampere Belt Driven (Engine Driven) Alternator
120 Ampere (If Air Conditioner on board)

Converts AC to DC via Rectifier

How does it work?
Alternator is a Electromagnetic Generator
rotating magnet around a copper coil creating an electrical current

Battery must have at least some charge for the alternator to work this is a trick question

Question 22

EMERGENCY!! LOSS OF ELECTRICAL POWER

Answer 22

Main Batt= 30 mins of charge if fully charged (we don’t know if it is)
So…. REDUCE ELECTRICAL LOAD
Pull unneeded circuit breakers (amp load marked on the circuit)

StandBy Batt= 30 mins ONLY RUNS THE ESSENTIAL BUS!!!

Question 23

Low Volts vs High Volts

Answer 23

Low: 24 volts and below (alternator failure) results = electrical failure
Normal: 28 volts
High: 32 volts and above (ACU failure) results= FIRE!!

Question 24

Alternator Control Unit

Answer 24

Controls the voltage that the Alternator generates so the system does not become too high.

Question 26

Brake System

Answer 26

Single Disc Hydraulically Actuated Brakes with Tubular Spring Steel Struts (main gear), a shimmy dampener to prevent oscillation, and oileo strut for shock absorption (nose gear)

Question 27

Brake System Flow

Answer 27

Pilot Applies Brakes Master Cylinder (pressurizes hydraulic fluid) (2 for dual brakes) Down into the Piston (Located in the Caliper) Piston Presses the Brake Pad into the Rotor Created Friction Slowing the Wheel

Question 28

Brake System: Nose Gear

Answer 28

Shimmy Dampener: PREVENTS OSCILLATION!! Forces hydraulic fluid through a small orifice (creating hydraulic resistance) piston slides forwards and back dampening the side to side motion of the nose wheel (small piston on top, lil guy) Oileo Strut: SHOCK ABSORBS!! Uses a mixture of oil and air to create a compression lessening the landing forces on the airplane. (The TUBE!! The WHOLE FUCKING TUBE!!)

Question 29

Air Induction System and Air Intake

Answer 29

Ram Air is Funneled into the Air Intake located under the Prop at the Fuselage. BAFFLES AND FINS are used to increase the Surface Area cooling the Engine easier. Air Intake contains a filter that removes dust and debris from the engines systems. If blocked spring loaded alternate air door will automatically open via suction letting non filtered air into the system RESULTS IN 10% LOSS OF ENGINE POWER!!! *Due to unfiltered Hot Air inside of the cowling*

Question 30

Vacuum System

Answer 30

Uses an air driven vacuum pump, pulling air through a filter, powering the gyroscopic instruments (the attitude indicator, heading indicator, and turn coordinator) *relief valve prevents over pressurization* Vacuum Gauge (on PFD) will provide info for the functionality of the system Planes with electronic alternates do not have a vacuum system *NOT RELIANT ON THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM!!!!*

Question 31

Exhaust System

Answer 31

Exhaust system is funneled into the muffler (a muffler quiets engine noise) and exits through the tail pipe located at the bottom of the plane.

Question 32

Aircraft Heat

Answer 32

Ram Air is funneled through the muffler shroud, heated by the hot exhaust gas and funneled into the cabin. DANGER!! Any cracks in the exhaust pipe can cause exhaust to leak into the Cabin causing Hypoxia!! Carbon Monoxide Strips or Notifications

Question 33

AirIntake Flow

Answer 33

Air Intake - Filter- Fuel Air Control Unit - Fuel Distributor Throttle Controls Engine RPM Mixture Controls Fuel Air Ratio

Question 34

Types of Transponders

Answer 34

Mode A = 4 digit squawk code (good for identifying the aircraft) Mode C = gives info on pressure altitude (with Mode A identifies aircraft and gives altitude information) Mode S = squawk code, altitude, position, speed, heading *additional flight data* TCAS (traffic collision avoidance system) ADSB-OUT (helps to identify and understand the planes position as well as provide traffic assistance) Indent= allows ATC to “see” you by sending out a specific code that allows you to show up on their radar (via interrogator)

Question 35

Parts to the G1000 (General)

Answer 35

Air Data Computer (ADC) , Attitude Heading and Reference System (AHRS), Magnetometer, Transponder, Engine Airframe Unit

Question 36

What does the air data computer provide information for?

Answer 36

Transcribes sensor data from the pitot static system to provide information on the PFD for Airspeed, OAT, altitude, and vertical speed

Question 37

What does AHRS do?

Answer 37

It works through the usage of 3 axis’ of acceleration, 3 axis’ of Gyros, and 3 axis’ of magnetos to provide accurate data on Yaw, Pitch, and Roll angle It measures Rate of Turn, Slip/Skid Indicator and Attitude information

Question 38

How does a Magnetometer work?

Answer 38

Rotates a electro magnet varying the magnetic fields develops from it. This cancels the signal from both of these fields, making the external magnetic field detectable, because it throws the other two out of balance. Multi-Fluxgate Magnetic Sensors create magnetic fields in multiple directions, this assist us with our heading indicator and allows use to follow true north and other cardinal directions. As well as determine our orientation relative to magnetic north

Question 39

How does a Transponder work?