Enlightenment

Question 1

Philisophes (5)

Answer 1

• French word for philosophers
• People who sought knowledge
• Separation of church and state is a must
• Social Critics of the period, not just scientists
• Five core beliefs

Question 2

Five Core Beliefs

Answer 2

1. Reason: Truth discovered through reason
2. Nature: natural laws that are good and reasonable
3. Happiness: believed happiness was possible here and now
4. Progress: society can improve
5. Liberty: envied that Liberties that the English had won in the Glorious Revolution

Question 3

Isaac Newton (7)

Answer 3

-last and greatest of the Scientific Revolution
-first enlightened thinker
-discovered gravitation
^motion in heaven and earth linked
-Book Principia offered proof of his hypothesis that God was the creator of this orderly universe
^God as a clockmaker
^deism

Question 4

John Locke (4)

Answer 4

• people learn from experiences and improve
• natural rights: life, liberty, property
• government must protect people’s natural rights
• people can rebel if government fails to protect rights

Question 5

Thomas Hobbes (3)

Answer 5

• taught that the people want monarchy to be safe from anarchy
• Hobbes wrote a book: Leviathan (means sea monster)
• Idea of a social contract: agreement between people and government

Question 6

Voltaire (3)

Answer 6

• wrote Candied
• fought for tolerance, freedom of religion and speech
• “I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it”

Question 7

Montesquieu (4)

Answer 7

• believed power should check power
• said Britain’s three branches of government was the best: Judicial, Executive, Legislative
• Book: on the spirit of laws

Question 8

Rousseau (5)

Answer 8

• enlightened thinker of individual liberty
• “man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains”
• liberty is every person’s birthright
• only legitimate government: ruled with consent of people, government ruled for the good of the community
• believed in a direct democracy

Question 9

Baccaria (2)

Answer 9

• laws were to preserve order - not avenge crimes

- wanted to abolish capital punishment and torture

Question 10

Wollstonecraft (4)

Answer 10

-book: a vindication of the rights of woman
^women need education just like men
^encourage to enter politics and medicine
-condem those who “either destroy the embryo in the womb or cast it off when born”

Question 11

Legacy of the Enlightenment (5)

Answer 11

• rejected the older ideas of authority like absolutism and the divine right of kings
• belief in progress
• gave rise to secular, non-religious outlook
• individualism and independence as reason takes center stage
• the ideas laid the foundation for American and French revolution

Question 12

Geo-centric vs Helio-centric

Answer 12

Geo= earth centered universe
Helio= sun centered universe

Question 13

Copernicus

Answer 13

scientist that reasoned that sun was center of the universe

Question 14

scientific method

Answer 14

logical method for gathering and testing ideas

Question 15

Boyle

Answer 15

• founder of modern chemistry

- proposed that matter was made up of small elements

Question 16

Bacon

Answer 16

created the experimental method

Question 17

Descartes

Answer 17

creator of analytical geometry

“i think, therefore I am”

Question 18

Galen

Answer 18

studied bodies of pigs and other animals, never human bodies but believed they were similar

Question 19

Celsius + Farenhiet

Answer 19

Farenhiet was first, both were used for calculating temperature

Question 20

Jenner

Answer 20

Vaccine for smallpox

Question 21

Torricelli

Answer 21

developed first mercury barometer for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather

Question 22

Kepler

Answer 22

concluded that certain mathematical laws govern the movement of planets and that they revolve in orbitals

Question 23

Galileo

Answer 23

built his own telescope

Question 24

Brahe

Answer 24

recorded planet’s movements and predicted accurate data

Question 25

Versalius

Answer 25

proved Galen wrong, suggested human and published a book, published book on his findings with drawings and diagrams

Question 26

Harvey

Answer 26

figured how human heart functions

Question 27

Janssen

Answer 27

made microscope

Question 28

Leeuwenhoek

Answer 28

used microscope to observe bacteria

Question 29

Secular Emphasis

Answer 29

-look critically at society to improve it

Question 30

Spirit of Scientific Revolution (2)

Answer 30

- everything tested by the standard of reason | - application of science + reason to understanding the world

Question 31

Salons (4)

Answer 31

- helped spread ideas - discussed enlightened ideas - letter writing helped move things along - women were a part of discussions

Question 32

Marie-Therese Geoffrin (4)

Answer 32

- most famous salon hostess - weekly dinners - generous - sympathetic listener

Question 33

Diderot (5)

Answer 33

-wrote the encyclopedia ^ a collection of articles from enlightened thinkers -said science + reason brought more than religion ^angered church and government officials

Question 34

Baroque (4)

Answer 34

- grand and ornate style (music) - neoclassical (1700's) - new and lighter style - Haydon, Mozart + Beethoven, Viennese trio

Question 35

Literature (4)

Answer 35

-novels ^carefully crafted plots -Richardson's Pancela is the first true american novel -henry fielding's : Tom Jones orphan who travels the world to win his lady

Question 36

Enlightenment spreads though monarchs (2)

Answer 36

- enlightened despots | - Frederick the great of Persia

Question 37

Frederick the Great of Persia (4)

Answer 37

^built prussia into a power ^close friends with Voltaire -argued over Fredrick's militarism ^called himself "servant of the state"

Question 38

Joseph 2 of Austria (4)

Answer 38

- ended serfdom by having serfs paid - supported freedom of religion - made elementary education mandatory - lover and patron of the arts

Question 39

Catherine the Great of Russia (7)

Answer 39

-well education, allowed education -reforms included hospitals and vaccinations -expanded Russian empire ^poland and black sea -wanted to abolish serfdom ^offended by serf uprising ^never abolished serfdom

Question 40

Legacy of Enlightened Despots (3)

Answer 40

- made economic reforms - favored religious toleration - made changes useful for society

Question 41

King George 3 (4)

Answer 41

- king who lost the colonies - makes the navigation acts - colonists trade only with Britain - colonists pay high taxes on imports

Question 42

French and Indian War (6)

Answer 42

- created debt for the British - stamp act to pay debt - official stamp for printed materials - colonists rebel - "no taxation without representation" - violation of natural rights

Question 43

Sons of Liberty (3)

Answer 43

-Motto: Join or Die -the American colonists were told that they would have to let the soldiers live in their homes ^that made colonists unhappy

Question 44

1173 (3)

Answer 44

Boston Tea Party- hosted by sons of liberty cause: tax on tea result: British troops close the port of Boston

Question 45

1774 (3)

Answer 45

First Continental Congress - sent a list of complaints to King George - King ignored them

Question 46

April 19, 1775 (4)

Answer 46

Americans fight Births for first time -"shot heard around the world" ^in Lexington, Massachusetts -George Washington named leader of American Army

Question 47

1776 (5)

Answer 47

- Declaration of Independence signed - "people have the right to rebel against an unjust ruler" ~John Locke - Thomas Jefferson wrote DoI - DoI severed ties between colonists and Britain - King George and Britain saw it as treason