Japan (developed country) 2011 hazard info
- 9.0mag earthquake 100km E coast Sendai (E coast island Honshu [Tohoku])
- only 20,000deaths
- GDP per capita $40,000
Japan (developed) 2011 impacts
- Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant=severly damaged+released dnagerous lvls radiation- 47,000 evactuated+ still 20km exclusion zones
- before 27% electricity=nuclear after 44nuclear reactors close govt promised reduction 2013-1% so started import more prices electricity increased 20%
- risky energy solutions sought (human wealth can increase risk) by location close coast
Japan (developed) 2011 govt factors
- responded immediately within 24hrs 110,000 defence troops mobilised
- immediately after all radio+ TV stations switched official earthquake coverage+ what to do
- quickly accepted help from rescue+ recovery teams from 20+ countries
- Bank of Japan offered $183bn to Japanese banks to keep opertaing (protect econ)
Japan (developed) 2011 development factors
- high amounts tech mobile phones, TV’s+ radios helped govt reach pop
- strict builiding regulations+ low lvl corruption-gd building construction 75% earthquake ‘proof’
- well devloped disaster plans: areas vulnerbale 10m high walls for tsunami, evacuation shleter, marked evacuation routes, many offices+ homes equipped emergency earthquake kits (reduction loss life)
- early warning system detected earthquake 1min in advanve-some warning
- education+preparedness- emergency drills regularly skls+ businesses
China (developing) 2008 hazard info
-mag 7.9 earthquake struck Sichuan (mountainous region SW)
China (developing) 2008 impacts
- 45.5m+ in 10provinces+ regions affected
- 5m made homeless
- triggered landslides-1/4 earthquake related deaths
- 5,335 children killed schools fell down
China (developing) 2008 govt factors
- corrupt govt officials often ignored building codes+ accepted bribes take shortcuts->poorly constructed buildings can’t withstand shaking, skls collapsed killing 5,335 children
- strong central govt able repsond quickly+ effectively->within hrs 130,000 soldiers+ relief workers sent affected areas (hiked+ parachuted)
- medical services quickly restored (avoid outbreaks disease Haiti)
- ppl in danger landslides= safely relocated
- govt pledged $10bn rebuilding+ banks wrote off debts survivors w no insurance
- within 2 weeks temp homes, roads+bridges being built
China (developing) 2008 development factors
- location=damage concentrated less built up rural areas+ small towns reduced death
- China wealthier than Haiti GDP per capita= $10,000 (lrg country growing econ) money available pay rescue+ aid efforts
Haiti (emerging) 2010 hazard info
- mag 7 earthquake, shallow focus 13km+ epicentre 24km(close) from Port-au-Prince (capital) [2m]
- located on fault between NA+ Caribbean plates
- liquefaction on looser soil caused many builiding foundation sink
- 300,000 deaths (1 worst recorded!!)
- GDP per capita $1,300
Haiti (emerging) 2010 impacts
- 300,000 deaths (1 highest recorded)
- much infastructure damaged:
- 1/4 govt officials died+ key govt buildings destroyed so govt less able org recovery+ relief efforts
- only airport, few ports+ roads damaged so crucial aid supplies prevented arriving+ distribution (+slowed down rescue efforts) -outbreak cholera 9,000 died by 2015+ 720,000 affected+ still 2016 lack medical supplies+ trained healthcare workers
Haiti (emerging) 2010 govt factors
- high lvls corruption, lack resources+ no building code 0% buildings made w earthquakes in mind+ made concrete w/no steel reinforcements-pancake collpase increasing death
- lack distaster preparation no practice drills org+ hospitals unable cope(lack resources), govt officials, police+ emergency services didn’ t know what do
Haiti (emerging) 2010 development factors
- 80% live below poverty line (before) many squatter settlements+ slums on steep slopes+ dense urban environ Port-au-Prince made difficult rescue teams (+no resources cope) [disease]
- govt heavily in debt focused on that
- facilities: healthcare, water infastructure (only 39%fresh supplies), sanitation(24% access)= insufficient+ underfunded [disease]
Vulnerability resilience often correlate w/ development especially econ:
=Gives communities+ countries access to resources
-w/ increased income ppl better able ensure own saftey by living ‘safe’ locations+ in ‘hazard-proofed’ properties
Also non-econ aspects development significant to vulnerability+ resilience
- access education:ppl can be made more aware of risks+ what do in hazard event
- access healthcare: better health, ppl better able withstand health+ food risks resulting from hazard
- housing:poorly built buildings unable withstand shockwaves->serious deaths+ injuries
- governance…
Governance can influence resilience+ vulnerability
=way country/ city/ community/ co etc run by ppl in control- based authority, decison making+ accountability
- gd governance: recognition+ practice range principles transparency, rule of law, equity, consensus+ participation
- poor governance: corruption-> failing inv properly infastructure might mitigate impacts tectonic hazards+ ill prepared deal emergency after
- HOWEVER not only pol authority other stakeholders (ppl+ org) public+ private role play gd governance observing principles- accountability+ participation responsible decision making
Geographical factors can increase hazard vulnerability
- pop density-more ppl at risk
- urbanisation- more ppl+ businesses at risk
- isolation+ inaccessibility- CRITICAL immediate aftermath hazard event when urgent need provide emergency aid
- community spirit: strong spirit can help boost morale+ collective wish survive hazard
Swiss cheese model disaster causation (cumulative act effect model)
-widely used risk management+ analysis aviation industry+ healthcare-> many barriers+ layers security
-each layer ‘cheese’ another layer could prevented disaster happening-holes= weakness -> disaster happens when all weaknesses(holes) align
Benefits: provides context, visualising problems, links events+ shows where weaknesses
Negatives: over simplifies issues, not v detailed where holes are (confusion), doesn’t show any solutions+ might be unforseen links between factors (inaccuracies)
Bam (Iran) 2003 (developing) (upper middle income 75/187 countries 2015)
- mag 6.6 (avg 1 eathquake like this a week worldwide), shallow depth 7km occured 5.26am-> most asleep 26,000died
- buildings vulnerable some 2,400yrs (ancient citadel)+ these ‘adobe’ buildings (from earth+ organic materials)=v heavy roofs
- recent construction=poor quality as Iranian seismic code not effectively enforced
- many wooden structures prev weakened by extensive damage termite activity
- 3 main hospitals destroyed, 20% health pro killed+remainder incapable due injuries+ lack specialised medical training to deal w/it
- initial search+ rescue emergency services struggled w/ destruction own infrastructure
- cold winter temps Jan-> lrg no. Died hypothermia rather direct crush
Nepal (emerging) 2015
- 7.8 mag earthquake-> 79,000 died+ more 22,000 injured, est more 1/2m houses collapsed/ srsly damaged
- =multiple hazard zone w/steep mountain landscape exposed landslides, debris, floods+ earthquakes
- low lvl development-> local earthquake science out of date- current seismic hazard map 20yrs old
- Kathmandu valley pop=2.5m v high density pop, growing 4%/yr (1fastest urbanising areas S Asia) 85%pop= rural+much econ= primary
- vulnerable (generally poor)- many building OWN homes without following correct building code 92% rural own built +82% urban
- soc excluded groups lesss able absorb shocks than well- positioned better-off households
NZ (developed) 2010+2011
Canterbury(region) econ resilient-> businesses actively rebounded rapidly after due:
-disruption industrial production, gds exports+ activity-> short lived as regions manufaturing hub escaped significant damage
-agriculture sector lrgely unaffected
-rebuild costs $20bn- lrgely insured
-financial markets ignored impacts
HOWEVER tourism industry suffered badly- attractions demolished+ int visitors reduced 40% 2011-12 (Canterbury had been hub tourist activity)
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EQ2- Tectonics20
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EQ1- H,HR&I18
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EQ2- H,HR&I10
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EQ3- H,HR&I5
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EQ4- H,HR&I18
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H, HR&I Extra Notes4
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EQ3- Tectonics25
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EQ3- Glaciation23
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EQ4- Glaciation31
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EQ1- Carbon11
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EQ2-Carbon33
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EQ1- Globalisation30
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EQ1-Regeneration21
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EQ2-Regeneration15
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EQ3-Regeneration19
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Superpowers19
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Synoptics-Tectonics16
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Synoptics-Water5
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Synoptics-Superpowers7
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Synoptics-Carbon9
