A-level Geography New Required Spec > Superpowers > Flashcards

Superpowers Flashcards

(19 cards)

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1
Q

Superpowers resource demands

A

-consume lrg amounts often non-renewable
-increase avg incomes+ reduced lvls poverty last decade
-increase m/c 1.8bn (2009)->3.2bn (2020) bulk growth Asia drive consumption+ demand
(Most clear impact global warming China 29% CO2 emissions 2015, US 15%+ EU 10% disproportionate amount)

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2
Q

Superpowers resource demands water

A
  • some emerging already supply problems India likely critical 2030 w 60% areas facing water scarcity
  • concerns industrialising countries overuse available water (drinking, farming+ manufacturing) India farmers use solar powered pumps groundwater some states 3x faster replenished
  • CC could make worse Cali forest fires w 90% chance decade long drought
  • growing m/c increase consumption
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3
Q

Superpowers resources food (especially meat)

A
  • pressure supply emerging as nutrition transition+ demand new types
  • land once used staple food grains-> meat+ dairy products
  • without new land, prices could increase squeezing poorest
  • by 2030 avg Chinese consumer (growing m/c) similar income consumer EU/US 180m tonnes meat consumed/yr /80% production 2015
  • Brazil food production increase 26% forest cleared+ land converted cattle ranching increase 10% (2nd largest exporter) more intense 15,000L water 1kg beef compared 1,250 kilo weight
  • agri causes 8-18% greenhouse emissions
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4
Q

Superpowers resources energy

A
  • global oil demand about 95m barrels/day 2015
  • 2030 likely increase 30% coal+ gas demand
  • meeting demand may-> increase price+/ supply shortages
  • countries own domestic supplies (Russia+Brazil) likely stronger pos than those relying imports (India)
  • oil spills significant damage physical environ 2010 BP’s Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded Gulf Mexico about 450L escaped polluting sea+ nearby coast
  • increase car ownership greater supplies oil consumed w m/c consumption if 2030 avg consumer similar income EU/US 1bn cars China roads
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5
Q

M/c

A

Ppl w discretionary income globally defined annual income more $10,000

  • spend this on consumer gds+ holidays
  • more consumption food, water, electricity+ plastics (huge pressure)
  • growing in emerging superpowers implications availability+cost key resources (rare earths, oil+ water) [+physical environ]
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6
Q

Future growth m/c consumption in emerging superpowers implications availability+ cost key resources RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

A

-increase wealth increase demand high tech gds many depend these elements
-water, acid+ electricity used separate ore from (usually carcinogenic) toxins
-CO’s depend on the est $5tn +CO’s mining with $4bn/yr
-processing 1 tonne can produce 2,000 tonnes toxic waste
(China 85% but restricting exports-> further mining around world)

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7
Q

Future growth m/c consumption in emerging superpowers implications availability+ cost key resources FOOD SUPPLY

A
  • due growing pop+ awareness healthier diets, more food+ high fibre crops in demand- abs consequences
  • soil degradation, eutrophication due excess chemicals (e.g. Green Revolution India) + increase methane form paddies (21x global warming effect CO2)
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8
Q

Future growth m/c consumption in emerging superpowers implications availability+ cost key resources WATER SUPPLY

A
  • concerns emerging countries overusing water
  • some groundwater stores Indi used 3x more than replenished
  • worsened CC Cali 90% chance decade long drought+ forest fires
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9
Q

Tensions ME ongoing challenge superpowers+ emerging due complex geopolitical relations combined w supply vital energy resources POL

A
  • creation Jew homeland state Israel 1948 buy pol unified Muslim ME opposition favouring Palestine but Israel actively supporting Palestinian military groups+US support Israel at all costs
  • Iraq intervention 2003 UK+ US (only cos oil?)
  • Afghan= unstable since Soviet invasion 1979+ 2002-2014 US+UK war led after 9/11 as ‘hid’ Islamic military groups (which used to fund)
  • Russia view destabilisation ME caused Islamists may spread there Chechnya
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10
Q

Tensions ME ongoing challenge superpowers+ emerging due complex geopolitical relations combined w supply vital energy resources ECON

A
  • SA 16% oil
  • ME produced 1/3 oil (+lrg gas reserves) nearly 99% proven reserves under control 6 countries around Persian Gulf
  • Qatar=oil rich largest GDP per capita $97,500 ME, S= Yemen lower ME $1,408
  • oil+ gas pipelines long fought over- superpower rely security+ conflict threatens
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11
Q

Tensions ME ongoing challenge superpowers+ emerging due complex geopolitical relations combined w supply vital energy resources CULT

A
  • many borders drawn by colonial powers didn’t reflect acc geography religious/ cult groups (most new so democracy weak religious+ ethnic allegiances)
  • 56% Sunni Muslim, 36% Shia Muslim roughly in conflict each other Iraq
  • Islamist uprisings (terrorists) al-Qaeda Arabian Peninsula ISIS Syria+Iraq+Taliban Afghan destabilising
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12
Q

Tensions ME ongoing challenge superpowers+ emerging due complex geopolitical relations combined w supply vital energy resources ENVIRON

A
  • past conflicts often econ damage oil installations e.g. Iraq 2003s
  • altho rich fossil fuels-regions short water+ farmland meaning territorial conflict over resources likely+ CC adds pressure -> Turkey critic Israeli govt policy but seller muc-needed water resources
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13
Q

Arctic= contested zone- over contested resources

A
  • recent pol+ military tensions due increase accessible mineral wealth beneath+ new important transport routes from melting
  • 7nat claims part Arctic e.g. 2007 Russia submarine planted titanium flag+ Denmark owns Greenland 2014 claim using UN Convention on Law of the Sea(Arctic Council) claim within 200m coastline+ owns 900,000km2 Arctic Ocean
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14
Q

Arctic= contested zone- responding to tensions w expression hard power

A
  • Canada committed $3.5nn Arctic Defence
  • Denmark creating Arctic military command+ response force
  • Norway expanded navy
  • Russia planting flag+ carries out arctic bomber patrols+ constant upgrades navy+ opening Soviet bases towards extensive defence+ rescue stretches N coast
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15
Q

Arctic=contested zone- will become more desirable over time

A
  • CC thawing more each summer -> allows shipping travel over ‘top of the world’ 2014-71cargo ships compared 46-2012 (reduce distance+ time)
  • USGS (US Geological Survey) est 1/8 untapped oil+1/4 gas but drilling Arctic= expensive+ needs high global oil+gas prices to be profitable
  • but more thawing expose more mineral+ reserves
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16
Q

Arctic= contested zone- counties responding tensions w expressions soft power

Study These Flashcards
A
  • 2015 UK House of Lords calls for Arctic Ambassador
  • existence Arctic Council est 1996+ brings together member states
  • UN’s Paris climate change agreements
17
Q

Sphere of influence

Study These Flashcards
A

Physical region over which country believes has econ, military/ pol rights (extend beyond borders right to influence policies other countries)

18
Q

Political spheres of influence can be contested leading to tensions over territory+ physical resources- SOUTH EAST CHINA SEAS

Study These Flashcards
A

-created military bases Sratly islands including 3km- long aircraft runway (major shipping route+ fishing grounds may lrg natural reserves w Philippines+ Vietnam continue claim parts
-2013 Philippines took China to arbitration tribunal to challenge claims 2016 tribunal backed Philippines case saying China violated Philippines sovereign rights
(China prevents bilateral negotiations w other parties+ many neighbours argue size gives unfair advantage + countries argue should negotiate w ASEAN

19
Q

Political spheres of influence can be contested leading to tensions over territory+ physical resources- OPEN CONFLICT W RUSSIA/E EU

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Russia sphere influence still after collapse communism 1991 altho 8 joined EU 2004+ Ukraine looked towards membership NATO
  • some countries Belarus influenced by Russia econ, cult (Russian Lang spoken widely these regions)+ pol (puppet govt)
  • open conflict Crimea, E Ukraine-> US+ EU econ sanctions 2014 following
  • NATO deployed additional air+ ground forces to E border Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Pol, Romania+ Bulgaria (speculation new Cold War 2008->)
A-level Geography New Required Spec
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