Biology > ESAT > Flashcards

ESAT Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

main sub-cellular components of eukaryotic cells present in all eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus
mitochondrion
cytoplasm
cell membrane

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2
Q

sub-cellular components only present in plant cells

A

cell wall
chloroplast
vacuole

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3
Q

main sub-cellular components of prokaryotic cells (bacteria)

A

cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell wall
chromosomal DNA
plasmid DNA

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4
Q

levels of organisation within organisms

A

cells to tissues to organs to organ systems

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5
Q

types of movement across membranes

A

diffusion, osmosis, active transport

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6
Q

mitotic cell cycle includes:

A

interphase (cell growth and DNA replication), mitosis (one cell division leading to two daughter cells genetically identical to the parent cell), (cytokinesis)

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7
Q

roles of mitosis

A

increasing the number of cells
repairing tissues
replacing cells
asexual reproduction

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8
Q

cancer is a result of…

A

changes in cells, including mutations, that lead to uncontrolled cell division

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9
Q

meiotic cell cycle includes:

A

interphase, meiosis, (cytokinesis)

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10
Q

role of meiosis

A

producing genetically different haploid gametes so that the zygote (fertilised egg cell) produced at fertilisation is diploid

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11
Q

asexual reproduction

A

involves one parent, offsprings are genetically identical given that no mutations occur

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12
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves two parents, offsprings are genetically different in relation to each other and the parents, leading to increased variation

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13
Q

female chromosomes

A

XX

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14
Q

male chromosomes

A

XY

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15
Q

nucleus is a site of…

A

genetic material (in eukaryotic cells)

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16
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA that provides instructions for a specific function, serving as the basic unit of heredity

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17
Q

allele

A

each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

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18
Q

dominant vs recessive

A

dominant alleles are expressed even with just one copy present

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19
Q

heterozygous vs homozygous

A

homozygous = two identical alleles for a specific gene
heterozygous = two different alleles for a specific gene

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20
Q

phenotype

A

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment
[most phenotypes are the result of multiple genes, only some result from single gene inheritance]

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21
Q

genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organism (the alleles that are carried by an organism)

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22
Q

chromosome

A

a package of DNA containing part or all of the genetic material of the organism

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23
Q

autosome

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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24
Q

genome

A

the full set of genetic material (DNA) of an organism
–> this DNA is contained within chromosomes

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25
ssDNA
a polymer made up of nucleotides joined together to form one strand of DNA
26
dsDNA
a polymer made up of two strands of DNA forming a double helix
27
structure of a nucleotide
common sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
28
complementary base pairs
A - T, G - C
29
genetic code
the sequence of the bases
30
protein synthesis involves...
producing chains of amino acids called polypeptides
31
functional proteins require...
one or more polypeptide(s)
32
3D shape of a protein is determined by...
the sequence of its amino acids
33
gene mutations change...
the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA
34
processes of genetic engineering
taking a copy of a gene from the DNA of an organism inserting that gene into the DNA of another organism restriction enzymes and ligases produce recombinant DNA
35
benefits and risks of using genetic engineering in medical applications
36
embryonic stem cells (what cells are they)
some are totipotent, most are pluripotent
37
totipotent cells
can give rise to a complete multicellular organism (including extraembryonic tissues)
38
pluripotent cells
can differentiate into any cell type (any of the 3 germ layers)
39
adult stem cells
multipotent, can differentiate into a limited number of different cell types
40
benefits and risks of using stem cells in medical applications
41
evolution
a change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of a new species
42
example of evolution through natural selection
antibiotic resistance in bacteria
43
sources of variation
genetic/inherited; resulting in a range of phenotypes environmental; affects a range of phenotypes
44
the role of amylases, proteases and lipases in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
45
enzymes
primarily proteins that function as biological catalysts
46
aerobic respiration word equation
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + ATP (energy)
47
anaerobic respiration word equation (animal cells)
glucose --> lactic acid + ATP (energy)
48
levels of organisation in an ecosystem
individuals to populations to communities to ecosystems
49
which trophic level makes up most of the biomass
first (producers)
50
species richness
number of species
51
species abundance
number of individuals of each species
52
impact of fish farming, acid rain and eutrophication on biodiversity
53
rate of transpiration
volume of water/time taken
54
factors that affect rate of water uptake by a plant
temperature, humidity, air movement, light intensity
55
limiting factors of photosynthesis
temperature (enzyme activity), light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration
56
photosynthesis
endothermic reaction that uses light energy to react carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen
57
processes of transpiration and translocation structures and functions of xylem and phloem
58
3 functions of the kidney
removes urea, adjusts ion content, adjusts water content (osmoregulation)
59
Role of liver in excretory system
breakdown of amino acid (urea cycle), breakdown of RBC
60
Describe the breakdown of RBC
haemoglobin is converted into bilimbin, bilimbin is excreted with bile juice
61
Describe the breakdown of amino acid (urea cycle)
amine group is converted into urea, urea is released into blood circulation
62
Role of nephron
ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, collecting duct
63
central nervous system comprises of
the brain and the spinal cord
64
the peripheral nervous system comprises of
the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the organs of the body
65
what 2 nervous systems does the peripheral nervous system consist of
the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
66
which nervous system in the PNS regulates voluntary movements, and which regulates involuntary activities
somatic regulates voluntary movements, autonomic regulates involuntary activities
67
what is the central information integration system
the brain
68
the spinal cord is an integrating centre for...
unconscious processes only (while the brain is for both unconscious and conscious processes)
69
the cardiac cycle consists of 3 stages. what are the 3 stages?
atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole
70
Why neuron lacks myelin sheath
Relay neurons/interneurons
71
Where are relay neurons found
Only in the CNS
72
longer dendrites, relatively short axon, myelin sheath. Which neuron?
sensory neuron
73
short dendrites, relatively short axon, lacks myelin sheath, multipolar. Which neuron?
relay neuron
74
short branched dendrites, long axon, myelin sheath. Which neuron?
motor neuron
75
What are the end branches of axon that release neurotransmitters called?
axon terminals
76
What is the site where a motor neuron's axon terminal connects with a muscle fibre called?
neuromuscular junction
77
What is the end part of the axon terminal called?
the synaptic knob
78
what causes the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)
The influx of positive ions (such as Na+) into the postsynaptic neuron
79
synaptic cleft
the small space between the pre-synaptic neuron and the post-synaptic neuron (12-20nm). Neurotransmitters are released in this space.
80
synapses
specialised junctions between two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell, helping to transmit signals
81
synaptic knob
bulb-like, end part of the axon terminal with many vesicles containing neurotransmitters
82
what happens during inspiration
diaphragm contracts and moves downward, external intercostal muscles contract, internal intercostal muscles relax, causing the ribcage to move up and out, increasing the volume of thoracic cavity and decreasing the pressure in the lungs. Air moves down its pressure gradient into the lungs.
83
what happens in forced breathing expiration
same process as quiet breathing expiration but the ribcage moves down and in forcefully and air moves quickly down its pressure gradient and forcefully out of the lungs. Abdominal muscles contract and push up, decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and pushinig a greater volume of air out of the lungs.
84
where is bile made, stored, and released?
made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, released into the small intestine
85
what are the products of digestion
glucose, amino acids (absorbed into the blood), glycerol, fatty acids (into the lymph system before entering the blood) (all small, soluble molecules)
86
which organ releases insulin and glucagon
the pancreas
87
where does the breakdown of glycogen occur after glucagon is released
in the liver and muscles (skeletal)
88
after insulin is released, where is glycogen synthesised?
in the liver and muscle tissues
89
What is type 1 diabetes caused by
the death of pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin
90
which type of diabetes can be treated by insulin injection
type 1 diabetes
91
what does the liver do
synthesises and breaks down glycogen, breaks down other stuff (amino acid into urea (urea cycle), RBC --> part of the excretory system)
92
What are the 3 functions of the kidneys
to remove urea, adjust ion content, and adjust water content (osmoregulation)
93
how is the metabolic rate controlled
through the regulation of thyroxine levels (negative feedback). Thyroxine are hormones released by the thyroid gland, and TSH (released from the pituitary gland) controls the release of thyroxine
94
what is the order in which hormones are released in the menstrual cycle?
FSH, oestrogen, LH, progesterone
95
what are 4 things that are caused by the release of adrenaline
increased breathing rate, increased heart rate, stimulation of the liver to break down glycogen to glucose, stimulation of increased blood flow to the muscles --> increased supply of oxygen and glucose to cells in the brain and muscles for quick store of energy
96
which is towards the inside of the stem: xylem or phloem?
xylem
97
how many xylem and phloem in the cross section of a root?
1
98
What causes the decrease in oxygen levels in the water as a result of eutrophication
Decomposers aerobically break down the organic matter (dead plants and algae), and reproduce in the process. The large number of decomposers lead to hypoxia (reduced oxygen levels in water).
99
what is the bit in the kidney where the "cleansing" of blood occurs
nephron
100
does the proximal convoluted tubule have a microvilli or cilia?
microvilli
101
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