Informed consent
Pps must be given full information about the nature and purpose of the study, and their role in it
Deception
Researchers should not lie to a pp about the aims or procedure of the investigation that they take part in
Protection from harm
Researchers should avoid negative physical effects and negative psychological effects
Confidentiality
Researchers should not share pps personal information, and must gain permission if they do wish to share the information
Privacy
Researchers should not enter a pps private physical space or emotional territory, and pps can feel confident to be able to withdraw if they feel that their privacy is invaded
Right to withdraw
It must be made clear to pps that they can leave a study whenever they wish
Why sometimes informed consent needs to be unfollowed?
If informed consent is given, many create demand characteristics that could affect validity
Why deception needs to be unfollowed?
- To achieve valid results
- avoid demand characteristics
e. g. using stooge
Why protection from harm is unfollowed?
Sometimes harm is unpredictable, and sometimes a small amount of discomfort is needed to achieve valid results
Why confidentiality is unfollowed?
Procedural details may still lead to pp identification
Why privacy is unfollowed?
In order to achieve valid results, collecting personal information is sometimes required
Why right to withdraw is unfollowed?
- Incentives may make pps obligate to stay, e.g. if they are paid
- may not reached far enough into the treatment program
How to deal with informed consent?
pp should formally agree, in WRITING, before the study
- if not possible, ask a similar group of people and see how they would feel about taking part
- give info sheet with all experimental details and how to contact investigators
- if informed consent would impact validity, a DEBREIF is necessary after the study
How to deal with deception?
- seek permission from an ethical committee
- true aim told when debriefing
- though this cannot stop feelings of distrust
How to deal with protection from harm?
avoid risks greater than those in everyday life, stop immediately and offer psychological support as part of the debrief
How to deal with confidentiality?
No names, to use numbers or pseudonyms instead. Store info securely
How to deal with privacy?
do not observe without consent if possible, otherwise give a debrief, maintain confidentiality
- always make it clear to pps that they can withdraw if they suspect
How to deal with right to withdraw?
at the start and during the study, researchers must remind pps of their right to withdraw
- pps get to keep any incentives even if they withdraw
Replacement
- replacing animal experiment with alternatives
- e.g. video from previous studies / computer stimulation
- only if it won’t affect the quality of research
Species and strain
- species chosen are the ones least likely to suffer pain/distress
- e.g. lab raised animals are less distressed when working in a lab
Number of animals (also how to improve)
- minimum no. of animals
- to produce valid and reliable results
- e.g. improve experimental design, Improving techniques of data analysis
Sharing information with other researchers
Procedure: Pain and distress
- avoid causing death, disease, physical harm or psychological harm to animals
- pay attention to animals well being by providing daily care
Housing
- refrain from isolating and overcrowding animals as can cause distress
- give enough space to move freely
- give enough food and water
- artificial must have aspects of their natural experiment
Reward, deprivation and aversive stimuli
- the use of preferred item should be used as a reward not punishment
-
Laney - asparagus37
-
****Ethical Guidelines27
-
****Evaluation Paper 250
-
****Variables, Reliability, Validity6
-
Yamamoto35
-
Andrade41
-
Baron-Cohen27
-
Piliavin41
-
Milgram31
-
Intro biological approach4
-
Dement & Kleitman40
-
Bandura36
-
Schachter and Singer55
-
****Research methods71
-
Saavedra and Silverman32
-
Canli et al21
-
Pepperberg44
