Ethics

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

the ways we understand and examine moral life

Question 2

Morality

Answer 2

widely shared norms of right and wrong

Question 3

Normative ethics

Answer 3

concerned with establishing standards of correctness by identifying and prescribing rules and principles of conduct, and developing theories justifying the norms

Question 4

Applied ethics

Answer 4

involves the use of ethical theories and methods of analysis to examine moral problems, practices, and policies.

Question 5

Professional ethics

Answer 5

ethical theories that articulate the formalized, public, universal sets of values of a professional group

Question 6

Bioethics

Answer 6

systematic study of the moral dimensions of the life sciences and health care and involves the use of ethical methodologies in an interdisciplinary setting

Question 7

Values

Answer 7

standards or qualities that are esteemed, desirable, or worthy of merit

Question 8

Principles

Answer 8

standards for action, underpin rules of conduct

a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior or for a chain of reasoning.

Question 9

Virtues

Answer 9

defining traits, strengths of character, standards for conduct that lead to consistent excellence of intent and human performance

Question 10

ethical pluralism

Answer 10

idea that there are many theories about what is “right” and “wrong” (moral norms) which may be incompatible and/or incommensurable with your own personal moral norms

• Moral diversity, culturally diverse societies have various moral standards that may be in conflict.
• Divergence in values and moral standards have led to the evolution or moral thinking.
• Strives for understanding difference vs uniformity

Question 11

Ethical Relativism

Answer 11

• Ethical Relativism
  Moral judgments can be viewed as right or wrong according to the norms of a culture or society.
• Different societies have different moral codes
• No direction or guidance when cultures conflict

Question 12

moral diversity

Answer 12

an empirical reality in democratic societies where all people are free to have their own beliefs, values, and principles.

Question 13

Deontology

Answer 13

• “the study (or science) of duty”
• The rightness or wrongness exists within the action taken, or the rule followed, regardless of the consequences of the action
• do their duty or abide by a certain prescribed set of rules, without any analysis of potential consequences of abiding by the rule.
• concerned about the ‘means’; rights and duties based on unconditioned respect for persons; doing right regardless of consequences

Question 14

Kantianism

Answer 14

• deontology – morality ensured by following rules, using good intentions; unconditional respect
  ethical theory of Immanuel Kant
• Rules are based on respect for persons and action is based on moral duty or good will
• Morality is based on rules which should be followed, not on the results of actions

Question 15

Deontology Criticisms

Answer 15

Criticisms: May ethics neglect important aspects of the moral experience of health care professionals, including moral judgments, emotions, and the relational nature of professional practice

Question 16

Consequentialism

Answer 16

• or teleologic ethics
• focused on the benefit or harm caused by actions.

Question 17

Teleology

Answer 17

concerned about the ‘ends’; goals, purposes and outcomes; consequences

Question 18

Utilitarianism

Answer 18

• part of Consequentialism
• Morality is determined based on the outcomes of actions
• Actions that produce “good” outcomes are moral
  the goal of achieving the greatest good for the greatest number of people
• Act utilitarianism
• Rule utilitarianism

Question 19

Act utilitarianism

Answer 19

is focused on the consequences of individual actions.

Question 20

Rule utilitarianism

Answer 20

is concerned with classes or types of acts. In rule utilitarianism, if people decide that the consequences of certain types of acts are morally good, it can be assumed that similar acts will also lead to morally good outcomes.

Question 21

Criticism Consequentialism

Answer 21

Accused of benefiting the elite, privileged social classes

Question 22

Principlism

Answer 22

• is based on the application of ethical principles (standards of moral behaviour) to situations

8 key ethical principles: “very Big Juice Straws Are Finicky Near Rum”
* Autonomy: right to self-determination, independence, and individual freedom.
* Beneficence: entreaty to “do good
* Nonmaleficence: no harm be committed
J* ustice: based on obligations of fairness regarding treatment of individuals and groups within society, the distribution of potential benefits and potential burdens (distributive justice), and the ways that those who have been unfairly burdened or harmed are compensated
* Respect for persons: based on the belief that human beings have worth and moral dignity
* Sanctity of life
* Fidelity: faithfulness and focuses on maintaining loyalty, keeping promises, and being faithful in relationships
* Veracity: duty to tell the truth and be honest

Question 23

Critiques Principlism

Answer 23

Critiques:
Deciding which principles to apply can be difficult
Resolving conflicts between different principles can also be a challenge

Question 24

Virtue Ethics

Answer 24

• Virtues are defining traits, strengths of character, and standards for noble conduct that predispose the possessor to consistent excellence of intent and performance.
• Agent-based virtue ethics are focused on the characteristics of the moral agent
• The main criteria to determine “virtue” involve the type of person one should strive to be and the sort of life one ought to live
• Virtue ethics are often evident in professional codes of ethics
• 5 C’s of Caring” – compassion, competence, confidence, conscience, and commitment

Question 25

Criticisms Virtue Ethics

Answer 25

The primary critique is that the virtues that may apply and are being considered are not always compatible

Question 26

Feminist ethics

Answer 26

* Human connectedness and interpersonal relationships initially was used to address the imbalance of power between men and women, * Designing alternative ways to restructure relationships, social practices, and institutions * Social transformation to empower all to live freer, fuller lives * Social practices that underlie and contribute to ethical problem or situation * Ways these social practices may contribute to oppression Relational account of justice reveals the harm done to the oppressed group * Unique insights of people who have been marginalized * New ways to restructure or resist oppressive practices

Question 27

Ethics of Care

Answer 27

* women speak with a different voice than men and espoused a feminine ethic of care that considers responsibility to care and relationships between people as opposed to a masculine ethic of justise * women “weave” their interests together with the interests of others * Moral decisions are made within the context of caring and empathetic relationships with others

Question 28

Criticisms Feminist ethics

Answer 28

Most criticism comes from those practitioners who believe the application of ethical principles should be done in a rational manner, without the complication of emotions or concern for relationships

Question 29

Seven concepts are foundational in public health and community practice

Answer 29

* Inclusion: the act of being included, means being accepted and able to participate fully within the family, the community, and the society * Diversity: condition of being diverse, differing from one another, or composed of distinct or unlike elements or qualities * Public participation: Engaging people in determining the ways a society guides its actions, makes decisions on public policy, and delivers programs and services * Empowerment: both a process and an outcome. development of knowledge and skills that increase one’s mastery over decisions that affect one’s life. As an outcome, empowerment is the achievement of mastery * Social Justice: the just distribution of resources and opportunity within a society * Advocacy: the act of disseminating information to influence opinion, conduct, public policy, or legislation. * Interdependence: relates to the interdependence among human beings and also the interdependence of people with the world in which they live—their social, economic, and physical environments