Ethics

Question 1

What is ethics

Answer 1

it investifates normative questions about what people ought to do

Question 2

In ethics what are the two paradigms

Answer 2

consequentialist and deontologist

Question 3

What are consequentialists

Answer 3

Consequentialists judge actions based on their consequences
Actions are not inherently good or bad
Of all the actions a person could take at any given moment, the morally right thing to do is to take the action with the best overall consequences

Question 4

What idea is consistent with consequentialism

Answer 4

Utalitarianism by Jeremy Benthem and Stuart mill
actions are right in the proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness

Question 5

What is deontology

Answer 5

Deontologists judge actions based on general rules
Choices are either morally required, forbidden, or permitted
Some choices may be morally forbidden no matter how good their consequences are

Question 6

What idea is consistent with deontology

Answer 6

Kant’s moral philosophy holds that a rule guiding your actions (a maxim) is morally acceptable only if everyone could follow the same rule without contradiction. If a rule would fail when universalized, then it is not morally permissible to act on it. Therefore, if your maxim cannot be applied to everyone, the action is morally wrong.

Question 7

What are the strengths of consequentialism

Answer 7

Practical, flexible

Clear (simply reflect on consequences- any action can always have consequences. Reflect on consequences to judge the action, making consequenitlism easy to follow

Question 8

What are the weaknesses of consequentialism

Answer 8

Consequences often unpredictable- many possible outcomes, cant judge everyone entirely.

No type of act inherently wrong e.g murder

Many actions being flexible can lead to unpredictable consequences

Question 9

Deontology strengths

Answer 9

Rules give clarity across situations meaning rules are universal (Rules provide consistency for outcomes)

values good intentions — it judges actions by whether they are done from duty and moral principle, not by their outcomes

Question 10

What are the weaknesses of deontology

Answer 10

Lack of flexibility

No definite list of “good” and “bad” -largely subjective morality differs cultureally.

Unclear justification of moral rules- not know where they come from we just have to follow without knowing why- lack of clarity.

Question 11

describe a weakness

Answer 11

A
in case of new actions, denotology has to figurer out on an abrstract level whether the act is premitted or forbidden , but who decides on the rule / decides good or bad

Question 12

How are deonotology and consequentialist ethics implimented

Answer 12

by ethical guidlines such as the Nuremberg code.

Question 13

When was the Nuremberg Code created

Answer 13

Nuremberg Code (1947) was created as a result of the Nuremberg Doctors’ Trial after WW2

Question 14

what are other ethical guidlines for research

Answer 14

Declaration of Helsinki (1964)

Society/Association guidelines, e.g., BPS Code of Ethics and Conduct (2021)

Data Protection Act 2018 (UK implementation of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR))

Question 15

what are the deontological ethics in the nuremberg code

Answer 15

define a forbidden act- death/ disabling injury is not allowed unless it is self-inflicted

Question 16

What are the consequentialism ethics in the nuremberg code

Answer 16

The Nuremberg Code requires experiments to have clear societal value and for researchers to balance potential benefits against risks to participants before proceeding.

Question 17

What is informed consent

Answer 17

where ppts are told the purpose , duration , procedures and risks, discomforrts and benifits in the study .Goal: Informed decision about study participation

Question 18

when are there cases when consent isnt given

Answer 18

Special consideration for populations without the legal/practical capacity for consent
Children
Incapable adults (e.g., dementia, cognitive disability

Question 19

What are the exceptions of informed consent

Answer 19

Observational studies in a public place
if Information available in the public domain

Question 20

What is voluntary participation

Answer 20

Prospective participants should be able to decide freely if they want to participate
Any pressure or coercion should be avoided

Question 21

what is right to withdraw

Answer 21

Participation is voluntary at any time during a study without negative consequences
Participants should be able to withdraw their data

Question 22

What is the principle of beneficence in research ethics?

Answer 22

Researchers must maximize potential benefits of a study for participants, society, or science.

Question 23

What is non-maleficence and how does it protect participants?

Answer 23

Researchers must minimize potential risks or harm—both physical and mental—and ensure that the benefits of the study outweigh the risks.

Question 24

Who are considered vulnerable participants and why is extra care needed?

Answer 24

vulnerable groups include:

People with physical/mental disorders

People with limited decision-making capacity

People with specific life experiences (e.g., assault, pregnancy)
Vulnerability varies by situation, so special protections are required.

Question 25

What is a cyberball paradigm

Answer 25

irtual ball-toss game to study social exclusion. Other “players” are computer-controlled. Can exclude participant, triggering emotional and cognitive responses. Controlled, reliable, and ethical way to study ostracism. such as bullied ppl

Question 26

What is deception

Answer 26

Giving false information to subjects or intentionally misleading them about a key aspect of the research Deception poses an issue for informed consent

Question 27

When is deception admissible

Answer 27

It is justified by significant scientific or societal value It does not cause physical harm Participants are debriefed as soon as possible Participants can withdraw their data after debriefing

Question 28

what is confidentiality and anonymity

Answer 28

t information provided will be treated as confidential and they will not become identifiable If confidentiality / anonymity cannot be guaranteed, participants must be informed

Question 29

How is confidentiality and anonymity regulated by

Answer 29

General data protection regulation-Legal basis for handling participant data Implements ethical principles Ethical principles of confidentiality and anonymity are valid independent of legal basis

Question 30

prevelance of ethical conceerns in research: very few studies in psychology are egregiously unethical but..

Answer 30

Any study is associated with risks Risks need to be taken seriously Risks need to be mitigated wherever possible

Question 31

what is a common risk in pscyhology

Answer 31

Participants may become identifiable

Question 32

how do we mitigate this risk

Answer 32

Remove all personal identifiers before data publication Minimize amount of collected demographic information Communicate data management plans to participants

Question 33

A risk of children taking part in research is a lack of informed consent , how can this be resolved.

Answer 33

Parental consent Signs of distress during the study

Question 34

what is another risk in research specifically for fmir evidence

Answer 34

Incidental diagnoses

Question 35

how can incidental diagnosis be mitigated

Answer 35

If anticipated: Mention in informed consent Make a-priori action plans and disclose these to participants

Question 36

how can a researcher mitigate the issue of emotional distress in interviews about distressing/sensitive topics

Answer 36

Interviewer training( try and be supportive) Distress protocols (a document is written in advance of what potential behaviours ppt show)

Question 37

what must be done to run a study

Answer 37

Submit planned study to a neutral ethics review board Review board approves study if it can be considered ethical Review board asks for adjustments if study is considered unethical get approval to conduct

Question 38

What is an animal model

Answer 38

Conducting animal studies to better understand human behaviour, human diseases, and human cognition

Question 39

how is harlows monkey experiment an example of an animal model

Answer 39

Attachment formed not only through food but also comfort, companionship, love Social isolation of rhesus monkey infants led to disturbed behaviour, social deficits Monkeys spend more time with comfort-giving cloth than with food-providing wire “surrogate” mother

Question 40

Animal research is highly controversial , what are arguements for

Answer 40

Finding new drugs and treatments Improving human health Ensures safety of drugs Similarity to humans

Question 41

what are arguements against animal research

Answer 41

Cruel and inhumane Drugs not necessarily safe Expensive Animals and humans are never exactly the same

Question 42

what is the most common animal in animal research

Answer 42

mice/rats

Question 43

why are mice and rats most common in research

Answer 43

Inbred: Reduced genetic variance Many different specially-bred strains (e.g., high anxiety, susceptibility to alcoholism) Similar genetics to human Rats’ brain structure resembles primitive elements of human brains Inexpensive to buy / keep / dispose of Excluded from US animal welfare acts

Question 44

risk mitigation in animal research

Answer 44

Strict ethical guidelines: Housing Feeding Cleanliness Healthcare No unnecessary pain Mandatory ethical approval!