Evolution

Question 1

What is genomics?

Answer 1

the study of an entire organism’s genome

Question 2

What is a genome?

Answer 2

the whole set of an organism’s genes

Question 3

What is bioinformatics?

Answer 3

the study of the information in life (DNA)

Question 4

What was the Human Genome Project and what was its purpose?

Answer 4

genome organized from 1990-2003

1. relativeness between species
2. ancestory

Question 5

What is DNA sequencing?

Answer 5

determining the sequence of nucleotides (base pairs)

Question 6

What is Darwin’s book and what were his two pillars in it?

Answer 6

On the Origin of Species by means of natural selection

1. descent with modification from a common ancestor (macroevolution)
2. natural selection is the mechanism for this (microevolution)

Question 7

What is microevolution?

Answer 7

changes in allele frequencies in a population over time

Question 8

What are allele frequencies?

Answer 8

how many times an allele appears in a population

Question 9

What is an allele?

Answer 9

gene pair

Question 10

Who developed the theory of use and disuse and what does it say?

Answer 10

parent giraffes stretched their neck out to reach the leaves then passes on stretched out neck to offspring but this is an acquired trait
Lamarck

Question 11

What is natural selection?

Answer 11

process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

Question 12

What are the 2 exceptions of natural selection/

Answer 12

• cannot create anything new, selects existing traits

- does not occur in individuals, only populations

Question 13

What are 4 sources of individual genetic variation?

Answer 13

1. mutations- point mutations
2. changes in gene location- duplications, inversions, and translocations
3. rapid reproduction in prokaryotes- resistance to antibiotics
4. random fertilization in eukaryotes- also gamete formation/crossing over and independent assortment

Question 14

What is a population?

Answer 14

a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area, interbreed, and produce fertile offspring

Question 15

3 types of changes in allelic frequencies

Answer 15

1. natural selection- drought, color of habitat, color of organisms attracting predators
2. genetic drift- random chance event cause a change in frequencies, lava, smaller population=more deviation
3. gene flow- transfer of alleles between populations, animals migrating in and out of population (beetles and log)

Question 16

artificial breeding

Answer 16

selective breeding for specific traits

Question 17

hybrid

Answer 17

offspring resulting from two different varieties of the same species, have hybrid vigor- fewer problems than purebred

Question 18

gene pool

Answer 18

the sum of all the alleles that all the members of a species can possess

Question 19

Hardy-Weinburg principle

Answer 19

used to determine if a population is evolving, the allele frequencies and the ratio of heterozygous to homozygous individuals in a given population will remain constant unless the population is affected by factors outside the original population

Question 20

Conditions for genetic equilibrium

Answer 20

1. large population (no genetic drift)
2. population must be isolated from others (no gene flow)
3. random mating (no preference for certain phenotype)
4. no mutations
5. all individuals have equal chance to survive and reproduce (no natural selection)

Question 21

What is the Hardy-Weinburg equation? What do the p and q represent? Which of the variables would be easiest to find first?

Answer 21

p (squared) + 2pq + q (squared) = 1
p = frequency of dominant trait or allele
q = frequency of recessive trait or allele
recessive because of different phenotype

Question 22

2 types of genetic drift

Answer 22

1. founder effect- few individuals break off and become isolated from a large population (Pilgrims)
2. bottleneck effect- sudden reduction in population size due to a change in the environment

Question 23

Limits of natural selection

Answer 23

1. only act on existing variation (no new genetic information)
2. historical constraints (can’t go back and change history)
3. adaptions are mostly compromises (might not be beneficial - frog vocals that attract mates but also attract bates)
4. chance, natural selection, and the environment interact

Question 24

7 levels of classification

Answer 24

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (means “kind” - Genesis account)

Question 25

speciation

Answer 25

rise of species (not defined by appearance - black and white people are of the same species)

Question 26

What are the 2 types of speciation?

Answer 26

1. allopatric speciation- other country - population becomes divided geographically which lead to 2 new species 2. sympatric speciation- same country - new species without being separated (food source or same color)

Question 27

What is the biological species concept?

Answer 27

groups of populations whose members can interbreed that produce viable and fertile offspring

Question 28

What is reproduction isolation?

Answer 28

biological factors that prevent 2 species from being able to produce fertile offspring

Question 29

What are the 2 types of reproductive isolation?

Answer 29

Pre and post-zygotic barriers

Question 30

Prezygotic barriers

Answer 30

1. behavioral isolation (different ways of mating dances, calls, and nests) 2. temporal isolation (skunks- Montana and Louisiana: different mating seasons) 3. gametic isolation (sperm can't penetrate the egg- aquatic animals and pollen of maple and pine tree) 4. habitat isolation (living in different regions) 5. mechanical isolation (reproductive parts don't fit)

Question 31

Postzygotic barriers

Answer 31

1. offspring don't survive 2. offspring can survive but are sterile (horse + donkey = mule) 3. offspring survive and reproduce but 2nd generation is sterile