Vertebrates

Question 1

ectothermic

Answer 1

cold-blooded (heat/temp based on environment)

Question 2

endothermic

Answer 2

maintain internal body temp, warm blooded, metabolism releases heat energy (birds and mammals, insolation- fur, fat, feathers, hair)

Question 3

common characteristics of all animals in phylum chordata

Answer 3

1. dorsal notochord (vertebrae and vertebral column)
2. dorsal tubular nerve chord
3. pharyngeal pouches

Question 4

dorsal notochord

Answer 4

tough and flexible, develops into the backbone (vertebrae and vertebral column), runs length of animal’s body, some maintain notochord and never grow a backbone, some only have to in larval stage

Question 5

vertebrae and vertebral column

Answer 5

1. individual bones of vertebral column
2. vertebrae put together
   cartilaginous bones in sharks

Question 6

dorsal tubular nerve chord

Answer 6

spinal chord/vertebrae grow around this for protection, connects to brain and transmits signals throughout body (hollow)

Question 7

pharyngeal pouches

Answer 7

slits/clefts, supposed to prove evolution (we evolved from animals), develop into gills, mammals- develop into vocal chords, neck, and ears

Question 8

subphylum cephalochordata

Answer 8

lancelets (fish-like), aquatic, burrow into sand, mouth sticking out because filter feeder (eats plankton), suck in water and push out water through gills, never get backbone, maintain notochord

Question 9

subphylum urochordata

Answer 9

tunicates (sea squirts)- soft bodied, sessile, filter feeder, notochord only in larval stage, larvae attach to things on sea floor, slits in pharynx

Question 10

subphylum vertebrata

Answer 10

95% of chordates, actual backbone

Question 11

class agnatha

Answer 11

gnathostomes- animals with no jaw, lamprey (parasitic - attach onto fish, eat blood), teeth in circle

Question 12

class chondrichthyes

Answer 12

cartilaginous fish (leather), sting ray, sharks, skates

Question 13

class osteichthyes

Answer 13

bony fish

Question 14

class amphibia

Answer 14

frogs, salamanders, “both” - water and land in life cycle (larval stage- water and adult stage- land, lay eggs in water)

Question 15

class reptilia

Answer 15

amniotic egg (our fetus surrounded by amniotic fluid)

Question 16

class aves

Answer 16

birds, endothermic

Question 17

class mammalia

Answer 17

humans, dogs, cats, bears, 2 characteristics: hair/fur and milk for young

Question 18

endoskeleton

Answer 18

protects organs

• axial skeleton (skull, ribs, backbone)
• appendicular skeleton (arms, legs, girdles)

Question 19

pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle

Answer 19

1. arms, chest muscles, animals: front legs

2. hips, legs, hind legs

Question 20

vertebrate circulation

Answer 20

closed system with ventral heart

Question 21

arteries, veins, capillaries

Answer 21

1. away from heart
2. thin, diffusion, gas exchange (wastes picked up, O2 dropped off)
3. towards heart

Question 22

vertebrate nutrition

Answer 22

carnivores- meat, sharp teeth, sharp claws, wolves
herbivores- plant material (flat, huge molars), beavers
omnivores- both

Question 23

3 methods of vertebrate reproduction

Answer 23

viviparous- birth to live young (mammals), longer time of pregnancy, fewer young
oviparous-egg (spawning), fish, birds, frogs
ovoviviparous- young form in egg, hatch inside mothers’ body, born alive (sharks)

Question 24

craniates

Answer 24

animals with skull

Question 25

chromatophores

Answer 25

pigment cells in fish's (camouflage) and communication (coloration for mating season)

Question 26

countershading

Answer 26

``` top- darker (blend in with ocean floor) bottom- lighter (looking up into sun) help hunting (sharks) ```

Question 27

lateral line

Answer 27

extra sensory system (series of canals - jelly - to detect changes in pressure and current) important in schooling fish (feeling when others change paths, perfect sync)

Question 28

dorsal fin

Answer 28

comes when stressed, down when swimming

Question 29

gills

Answer 29

thin walled, O2 diffuse from water mouth, gills, out lots of capillaries

Question 30

olfactory lobe

Answer 30

sense of smell, important in murky lakes, not as important in caribbean

Question 31

operculum

Answer 31

covers and protects gills, pushes water over gills, improves O2 absorption

Question 32

spawning

Answer 32

release gametes into water (need to be in group at right time and place) cycle of moon

Question 33

osmoregulation

Answer 33

maintaining a salt and water balance salt water fish: more solutes in water, trying to hold onto water because it wants to diffuse out (poop extra salt and don't pee often), gills also pull salt out of the water and develop salt crystals that eventually fall off fresh water fish: higher solute concentration inside the fish so water wants to diffuse in, pee a lot, hold onto salt

Question 34

amphibians and metamorphosis

Answer 34

frogs, salamanders, and caecilians, primary changes: development of lungs, lose gills, loss tail, grow 4 legs

Question 35

gelatinous eggs and amplexus

Answer 35

male climbs on top of female and squeezes eggs out, lay sperm on top

Question 36

4 means of respiration

Answer 36

1. gills- larval stage 2. lungs- adults (small because other ways of O2 absorption) 3. moist skin- vascularized, capillaries on underside of skin, gas exchange 4. mouth- same

Question 37

estivation and hibernation

Answer 37

1. buried in cool mud on hot days to get cool for a few hours 2. buried into mud, deep enough that it doesn't freeze, warm, metabolic rates slow down, use fat bodies as food

Question 38

nictitating membrane

Answer 38

covers/protects eye

Question 39

vomerine and maxilary teeth

Answer 39

holding and swallowing prey

Question 40

glottis

Answer 40

opening to lungs

Question 41

gullet

Answer 41

opening to esophagus

Question 42

eustacian tube

Answer 42

inner ear that leads to tympanic membrane

Question 43

tympanic membrane

Answer 43

outer ear

Question 44

What is the name of the membrane that holds the coils of the small intestine together?

Answer 44

mesentery

Question 45

differences between chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

Answer 45

1. gill slits, no operculum, sharks - side, rays - bottom 2. multiple rows of teeth (only sharks), always replacing one another 3. no swim bladder, 3-lobed, oily liver 4. electroreceptors- (Ampullae of Lorenzini), head and snout, electrical impulses of any fish who is swimming

Question 46

class reptile (long)

Answer 46

1. ectothermic 2. scales - dry, leathery, have to molt as reptile grows except crocs and gators, reduce friction 3. sensory abilities- snakes (forked tongue - attract scent molecules and when it goes back in, it hits sensors on roof of mouth and trigger reaction to brain 4. oviparous repro 5. venomous snakes- poison glands, pressure on fang will trigger this, milking snakes for their venom helps create antibodies 6. amniotic egg- contains amniotic fluid within amniotic egg 7. feeding methods- constriction and venom (unique jaws - quadrate bone and elastic ligaments) 8. claws- climb and capture prey (iguanas) 9. all have lungs with alveoli (gas exchange in capillaries), increased SA, branches

Question 47

class aves (flight adaptions)

Answer 47

- light weight, streamline bodies, aerodynamic - strong wings: keel (where pectoral muscles connect) and wishbone (attachment for additional flight muscles) - lots of energy - hollow bones - high metabolic rates (air sacs for increases respiratory rates) - oviparous (lay eggs in nest so that she doesn't have to fly with babies)

Question 48

feathers

Answer 48

wing (canture) feathers - down (layer of feathers beside the body to keep warm, endothermic), can stay completely dry in water - preening- brushing feathers, pressure triggers oil glands which helps to waterproof the ducks - ploom feathers- colorful, to attract mates (females = plain because want to avoid predators when having babies)

Question 49

class aves (digestion)

Answer 49

esophagus, crop (storage), proventriculus, gizzard (grinding with swallowed stones), small intestine (duodenum), cecum/rectum - no large intestine because of weight - food goes through quickly

Question 50

class aves (respiration)

Answer 50

lungs and 6 air sacs inhales: O2 both full exhales: air moves out of lungs and air leaves air sacs and is absorbed in lungs - increases lightweight capacity to fly higher

Question 51

class aves (excretion)

Answer 51

kidney and ureter, no bladder (extra weight that's not needed), do not produce much water