evolution

Question 1

Evolution is …

Answer 1

Evolution is the change, over successive generations, in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits.

Question 2

Evolution can occur through …

Answer 2

Evolution can occur through the random process of genetic drift or the non-random processes of natural selection and sexual selection

Question 3

Of the 3 evolutionary processes which are random?

Answer 3

genetic drift

Question 4

Of the 3 evolutionary processes which are non-random?

Answer 4

natural and sexual selection

Question 5

Sexual selection may lead to …

Answer 5

sexual dimorphism

Question 6

Sexual selection can be due to:
1.
2.

Answer 6

1. Female choice
2. Male-male rivalry

Question 7

describe female choice

Answer 7

females assess fitness of males

Question 8

describe male-male rivalry

Answer 8

large size or weaponry increases access to females through conflict

Question 9

define sexual selection

Answer 9

is the non-random process involving the selection of alleles that increase the individuals chance of mating and producing offspring

Question 10

What is genetic drift

Answer 10

Genetic drift is the random change in how frequently a particular allele occurs within a population

Question 11

Why does genetic drift have a more significant impact in small population?

Answer 11

Genetic drift has a more significant impact in small populations because alleles are more likely to be lost from the gene pool.

Question 12

What are selection pressures?

Answer 12

Selection pressures are environmental factors that influence which individuals in a population pass on their alleles. Where selection pressures are strong , the rate of evolution can be rapid.

Question 13

Selection pressures can be
1.
2.

Answer 13

1. biotic
2. abiotic

Question 14

describe biotic selection pressures

Answer 14

competitio, predation, disease, parasitism

Question 15

describe abiotic

Answer 15

changes in temp, slainity, pH, light, humidity

Question 16

Selection results in…

Answer 16

Selection results in the non-random increase in the frequency of allles that are advantageous as well as the decrease in deleterious gene frequency.

Question 17

Individuals with variations that are better suited to their environment tend to …

Answer 17

survive longer and produce more offspring, breeding to pass on those alleles that conferred an advantage
to the next generation

Question 18

What are 2 extreme examples of genetic drift

Answer 18

bottleneck effect and founder effect

Question 19

When selection pressures are strong …

Answer 19

the rate of evolution can be rapid

Question 20

The Hardy-Weinberg (HW) principle states that…

Answer 20

in the absence of evolutionary influences, allele and gene frequencies in a population will remain constant over time.

Question 21

define absolute fitness

Answer 21

Absolute fitness is the ratio of frequencies of a particular genotype from one generation to the next.

Question 22

define relative fitness

Answer 22

Relative fitness is the ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes

Question 23

Fitness is an indication of …

Answer 23

Fitness is an indication of an individual’s ability to be successful at surviving and
reproducing

Question 24

Fitness refers to

Answer 24

all the contributions made to a gene pool of the next generation by individual genotypes.

Question 25

What is co-evolution

Answer 25

where the change in the traits of one species acts as a selection pressure on another species with which it frequently interacts

Question 26

Bottleneck effect occurs

Answer 26

when a population size is reduced for at least one generation

Question 27

Founder effect occurs

Answer 27

through the isolation of a few members of a population from a larger population. The gene pool of the new population is not representative of that of the original gene pool.

Question 28

What is mutualism

Answer 28

Mutualism describes a relationship where both participants gain from the interaction. It is written as (+/+)

Question 29

What is commensalism

Answer 29

an interrelationship between organisms of 2 different species in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor suffers. it is written as (+/0)

Question 30

How is parasitism written

Answer 30

(+/-)

Question 31

The Red Queen hypothesis ...

Answer 31

states that, in a co-evolutionary relationship, change in the traits of one species can act as a selection pressure on the other species

Question 32

Conditions for msintaining the HW equilibrium

Answer 32

- no natural selection - no random mating - no mutation - large population size no gene flow (through migration in or out)

Question 33

What does the Hardy - Weinberg principle state

Answer 33

that in the asence of evolutionary influences, allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constatn over genarations

Question 34

The HW principle can be used to determine ..

Answer 34

whether a change in allele frequency is occuring in a population over time

Question 35

What is fitness in evolution?

Answer 35

Fitness is an indication of an individual’s ability to be successful both at surviving and reproducing. It refers to the contribution that is made to the gene pool of the next generation by individual genotypes.

Question 36

Define fitness

Answer 36

Fitness is a measure of the tendency of some organisms to produce more surviving offspring than competing members of the same species.

Question 37

Fitness can be defined in ... or ... terms

Answer 37

Fitness can be defined in absolute or relative terms.

Question 38

Absolute fitness is...

Answer 38

s the ratio between the number of individuals of a particular genotype after selection, to that before selection.

Question 39

Absolute fitness, useful for…

Answer 39

comparing how is one particular species faired over this time period compared with this time period. determining if this species likely to need conservation help to reduce the chances of it becoming extinct. determining if this species likely to need management to reduce the chances of it negatively impacting other species in the community.

Question 40

Relative fitness is...

Answer 40

is the ratio of surviving offspring per individual of a particular genotype to the number of surviving offspring per individual of the most successful genotype.

Question 41

define sexual dimorphism

Answer 41

the distinct differences in size, shape, and other characteristics between male and female individuals of the same species, extending beyond their reproductive organs