Evolution And Classification

Question 1

Linnean classification system

Answer 1

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Does king Phillip come over for good spaghetti

Each group is a taxon

Question 2

Binomial name

Answer 2

Genus + species
Only first letter of genus is capital and in italics or underlined

Question 3

Species

Answer 3

Group of organisms that can reproduce to produce live fertile offspring

Question 4

Feature of prokaryotae

Answer 4

No nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Circular DNA with no histone proteins bound to it
Small 70S ribosomes
Nutrients from absorption or photosynthesis

Question 5

Animalia features

Answer 5

Glucose is stores as the polysaccharide glycogen
Nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Cells never have chloroplasts or a cell wall
Movement occurs by protein contraction mostly

Question 6

Plant features

Answer 6

Cellulose cell wall
Multicellular
Chlorophyll in chloroplasts
Autotrophic (synthesise their own food) via photosynthesis
Glucose stored as starch
Small # can move

Question 7

Fungi features

Answer 7

Unicellular or multicellular
Cell wall made of chitin
Often consist of hyphae which forms mycelium
Cannot move
Cannot photosynthesise
No chloroplasts
Saprophytes- get nutrients from like decaying matter
Stores glucose as glycogen

Question 8

Protoctista features

Answer 8

Unicellular and multicellular

Question 9

Domains

Answer 9

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 10

Phylogeny

Answer 10

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 11

Sister groups

Answer 11

Two descendants from the same node

Question 12

Use of phylogeny

Answer 12

Confirm the classification of an organisms by other methods

Question 13

What are fossils

Answer 13

Remains of organisms preserved in rock

Question 14

How is fossils used to evolution

Answer 14

By comparing model day organisms with fossils we can show they has a common ancestors

Question 15

Downside of using fossils to prove evolution

Answer 15

The formation of fossils require very specific conditions which are not commonly found
Some animals fossils rarely eg, animals w no skeleton
Fossils can easily be destroyed by geological processes
Fossils records incomplete

Question 16

Comparative anatomy

Answer 16

Comparing the body structure of different species

Question 17

Homologous structures

Answer 17

Appears different on the surface but has the same internal structure; suggests a common ancestor

Question 18

Comparative biochemistry

Answer 18

Two species with similar sequences will share a recent common ancestor

Question 19

Interspecific variation

Answer 19

Differences between species

Question 20

Intraspecific

Answer 20

Variation between members of the same species

Question 21

Two causes of variation

Answer 21

Genetic and environmental

Question 22

Genetic variation

Answer 22

Caused by the genetic material an organisms inherits
Or mutation

Question 23

Discontinuous variation

Answer 23

A feature has a specific value with no in between values
Like blood group

Question 24

Continuous variation

Answer 24

Any value within a range
Eg height

Question 25

Spread of normal distribution

Answer 25

Indicates lvl of variation

Question 26

Equation of standard deviation

Answer 26

1. Calculate the mean of the data. 2. Subtract the mean from each value to find the differences. 3. Square each difference. 4. Add up all the squared differences and divide by (n − 1). 5. Take the square root of that result.

Question 27

Anatomical adaptations

Answer 27

Adaptations to the physical features of an organisms

Question 28

Behaviour adaptations

Answer 28

Adaptations is how an organisms acts or behaviors Can be innate or learned

Question 29

Physiological adaptations

Answer 29

Adaptations to an organisms biological processes function

Question 30

Convergent evolution

Answer 30

Unrelated organisms evolving common features to adapt to their environment

Question 31

Selection pressures

Answer 31

Factors that affect the survial of organisms in an environment Leads to natural selection

Question 32

Gene pool

Answer 32

Alleles present in a population

Question 33

What is stabilising selection

Answer 33

Natural selection that favours the average phenotype, reducing variation

Question 34

When does stabilising selection occur

Answer 34

In stable unchanging environments where the existing phenotype is well adapted

Question 35

What happens to extreme phenotypes in stabilising selection?

Answer 35

They are selected against

Question 36

What is directional selection

Answer 36

Natural selection that favours one extreme phenotype causing a shift in the populations characteristics

Question 37

When does directional selection occur

Answer 37

In changing environments or when there’s a selection pressure favouring a new trait

Question 38

What happens to the mean phenotype in directional selection

Answer 38

It shifts towards the favoured extreme generations

Question 39

Example of stabilising selection

Answer 39

Babies of average weight are more likely to survive than large or small babies

Question 40

Example of directional selection

Answer 40

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria — resistant strains are favoured when antibiotics are used