Evolution And Genetics

Question 2

Define inheritance

Answer 2

Process of how genetic info is passed down from parents to offspring through genes

Question 3

Regarding Mendelssohn Breeding Experiment what did he propose after his experiment?

Answer 3

He reasoned that the yellow seeded plants in the middle generation must have been carrying 2 different copies of the gene for see colour: 1 for yellow and 1 for green.

He discovered dominant and recessive alleles and how someone can have a recessive genes but not present it.

Question 4

Define genotype

Answer 4

When the appearance of an inheritated trait is controlled by a single gene

Question 5

Define allele

Answer 5

A version of a gene

Question 6

Define phenotype

Answer 6

The set of genes Carrie day an organism that influenced the appearance of its traits

Question 7

Define simple inheritance

Answer 7

The set of ovservable traits in an organism

Question 8

Define Homozygous

Answer 8

A genotype where alleles are equal so YY, yy

Question 9

Denise heterozygous

Answer 9

A genotype where alleles are different so Yy

Question 10

What are punnet squares for

Answer 10

They ar used to measure the probability of a genetic outcome

Question 11

How do you find the phenotype probabilities form punnet squares

Answer 11

You add the dominant alleles for example: if you have 3 different outcomes form the punnet squares BB 25%, Bb 50% and bb 25% you would add BB and Bb so 1 and 2 therefore the ratio is 3:1

Question 12

Define amino acids

Answer 12

. They are the building blocks of proteins which are the building blocks of cells

A small molecule that joins with others to form proteins

Question 13

Define Anaphase

Answer 13

A stage in cell division where chromosomes seperate.

Question 14

Chromosome

Answer 14

A DNA molecule that condenses during cell division

Question 15

DNA

Answer 15

Molecule that contains genetic info

Question 16

Genotype

Answer 16

A pair of alleles that influence the appearance of a particular trait

Question 17

Metaphase

Answer 17

A stage in cell division where chromosomes line up

Question 18

Phenotype

Answer 18

A collection of traits obervabel in an organism

Question 19

Telolpahse

Answer 19

A stage of cell division where two nuclei form

Question 20

Genetic diversity

Answer 20

Amount of genetic variation in a population

Question 21

Natural selection

Answer 21

Survival of organisms taht are better adapted to their environment

Question 22

What is DNA made up of?

Answer 22

Nucleotides: Smaller building blocks
Contains
Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar (Dee.aak.see.rai.bow)
One of four nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C)

Question 23

Explain how different groups of the same species came to be located on diffenrt continents hindered of millions of years ago

Answer 23

Due to tectonic plate movement

Question 24

Define biogeography

Answer 24

The study of geographical distributions of species

Question 25

How far can tectonic plates move per year

Answer 25

Few centimetres

Question 26

Recall the name of the initial giant land mass that existed 225 million years ago ago

Answer 26

Pangaea

Question 27

Pangae was the initial landmass hundreds of years ago what was the name (s) of the next land mass that formed after wards due to tectonic plate movement

Answer 27

Laurasia and Gondwana

Question 28

What evidence is there for evolution?

Answer 28

Fossils, Comparative Anatomy, Comparative embryology and molecular biology

Question 29

How are fossils evidence for evolution

Answer 29

Fossil evidence provides a record of life’s changes over time, showing progression from simpler to more complex organisms. This helps scientists understand the history of life, how organisms have adapted to environments and how new species emerge from old ones

Question 30

How is Comparative anatomy evidence for evolution

Answer 30

Is the study of the similarities and differences in body structures of different species to understand how they adapted. There are two types of structures Homologous: structures that are similar because they share a common ancestor Vestigial: these are reduced or non functional parts of an organism that were useful in an ancestor

Question 31

Waht is an example of comparative anatomy?

Answer 31

Vestigial structure: the human appendix is small remnant organ that had a digestive function in our ancestors but no longer is essential now

Question 32

How is embryology evidence for evolution?

Answer 32

It is the study of prenatal development, from fertilisation through birth. This is evidence as many species share similar developmental stages, even if their adult forms are different (suggesting a common ancestor)

Question 33

How is molecular biology evidence for evolution?

Answer 33

This is the study of life at a molecular level, focusing on the structure, function and interactions of biological molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins.

Question 34

What is DNA hydridisation test

Answer 34

The similarities between DNA of different speceis

Question 35

Waht is not something fossils can help us discover?

Answer 35

Whether ancient organisms where poisonous

Question 36

What conditions are requires for the formation of fossils

Answer 36

Must be buried by sediment quickly, must not decay by bacteria or exposure to oxygen, must not be eaten by predators

Question 37

What is biogeography

Answer 37

The study of geographical distribution of species

Question 38

What is a chromatid

Answer 38

One half of a duplicated chromosome

Question 39

Why did Mendel chose to study pea plants and not animals like rats which are commonly tested on?

Answer 39

Pea plants quickly breed, easy to control, had a lot of different traits that could be tested, fewer features to study than many animals so Mendel could clearly trace inheritance.

Question 40

Define Law of Segregation

Answer 40

States that 2 allele for each trait seperate during gamete formation so each gamete receives only 1 allele.

Question 41

What is the law that states that alleles of different genes segregate independently of one another during gamete formation?

Answer 41

Law of independent assortment (one allele for one gene doesn’t influence another trait)

Question 42

A persons alleles (BB) make up their genotype they result in a certain a trait called

Answer 42

Phenotype

Question 43

What is fertilization

Answer 43

This is when one egg fuses with one sperm to make a single cell called a zygote which grows into a baby

Question 44

How many alleles can one person carry for a single gene

Answer 44

2

Question 45

How many alleles can someone pass on to their offspring when reproducing

Answer 45

1

Question 46

What do teh letters on the outside and inside of a punnet square represent mean

Answer 46

Outside: gametes of parents so the products of meiosis Inside: all possible alleles combinations for offspring so the results of fertilization.