Exam 1

Question 1

Synapomorphies are

Answer 1

derived features in a recent ancestral lineage that are inherited by all of its descendants

Question 2

Dolphins have the same set of genes that regulate the development of hindlimbs that land mammals have. Why don’t dolphins grow hindlimbs?

Answer 2

Dolphin embryos do grow hindlimb buds, but their development is terminated very early because of a mutation in a regulatory gene.

Question 3

The main idea from Hutton’s work is that

Answer 3

Earth has been a geologically active planet for a very long time.

Question 4

Most evolutionary biologists agree that natural selection is the most important driving force in evolutionary change. However, there are other mechanisms, such as sexual selection and genetic drift. In all mechanisms, the most important common denominator of evolutionary change is

Answer 4

the presence and frequency of variants in populations.

Question 5

What is a Lagerstätte?

Answer 5

a site with an abundant supply of unusually well-preserved fossils from the same period of time

Question 6

What adaptive advantage did lignin provide for plants, leading up to the Carboniferous period and beyond?

Answer 6

Lignin allowed plants to grow tall and receive more sunlight.

Question 7

According to the video, “Your Inner Fish”, which organism did Dr. Neil Shubin discover?

Answer 7

Tiktaalik

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why mountains create rain shadows on their leeward (sheltered) side?

Answer 8

Warm, moist air rises and cools on the windward side, releasing precipitation; dry air descends on the leeward side

Question 9

Which zone of the rocky intertidal is characterized by being submerged only during the highest tides and contains primarily mollusks with minimal seaweed coverage?

Answer 9

Upper littoral zone

Question 10

Which terrestrial biome type is present where rainfall is substantial, temperatures are hot year-round, but there is a distinct dry season of 4-5 months?

Answer 10

savanna

Question 11

The numbers of species of mammals, birds, and amphibians is highest in:

Answer 11

Tropical rain forest

Question 12

In aquatic environments, plants are usually found in the ______ zone near the surface of the water, where light is able to penetrate

Answer 12

Photic

Question 13

When the surface currents move water away from the continents and it is replaced by water from cooler depths we term the process

Answer 13

Coastal upwelling

Question 14

define ecology

Answer 14

study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Question 15

organismal ecology

Answer 15

investigates how individuals’ adaptations and choices affect their reproduction and survival

Question 16

population ecology

Answer 16

how populations grow and interact with other species

Question 17

community ecology

Answer 17

factors that influence the # of species in an area

Question 18

ecosystems ecology

Answer 18

the passage of energy and nutrients through communities

Question 19

evolution

Answer 19

change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

Question 20

darwin

Answer 20

first to propose how species evolve: natural selection

modern species descended from common ancestors

Question 21

darwin’s observations

Answer 21

observations: overproduction & limited resources
conclusion: competition
observation: variation
conclusion: natural selection
observation: heritability
conclusion: evolution

Question 22

what independent lines of evidence document the transition from land to water

Answer 22

isotopic analysis of fossil teeth
fossil analysis of hindlimb loss
embryonic analysis linked to gene expression

Question 23

anaximander

Answer 23

life arose in water; more simple forms first

Question 24

xenophanes

Answer 24

cycles of water eroding land
mud->water->land

Question 25

herodotus

Answer 25

fossils of marine organisms in Egypt suggest it was underwater

Question 26

aristotle

Answer 26

scala naturae; fossil seashells similar to modern ones on beach

Question 27

eratosthenes

Answer 27

fossils of marine organisms existed

Question 28

strabo

Answer 28

mentioned fossil shells

Question 29

james hutton

Answer 29

father of modern geology; cycles of destruction and rebirth

Question 30

william paley

Answer 30

natural theology (complicated things made by something)

Question 31

jean-baptiste lamark

Answer 31

evolution

Question 32

charles lyell

Answer 32

uniformitarianism

Question 33

mary anning

Answer 33

discovered fossils and coprolites (fossilized feces)

Question 34

gregor mendel

Answer 34

mathemicatal patterns of heritable traits

Question 35

homologous traits

Answer 35

similar because of inheritance from a common ancestor

Question 36

which pattern of natural selection favors individuals at one extreme of a phenotypic distribution that have greater reproductive success ina particular environment

Answer 36

directional selection (black and white patterned moths depending on tree bark)

Question 37

which pattern of natural selection favors the survival of individuals with intermediate phenotypes

Answer 37

stabilizing selection (clutch size- too many eggs vs too little eggs- middle is best)

Question 38

which pattern of natural selection maintains genetic diversity in a population where 2 or more alleles are kept in balance and maintained in a population over many generations

Answer 38

balancing selection

Question 39

which pattern of natural selection favors the survival of individuals at both extremes of a range rather than the intermediate

Answer 39

disruptive selection (a plant that can grow in regular soil and metallic soil)

Question 40

which species concept is species are separate if they are unable to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Answer 40

biological

Question 41

which species concept is differences in physical characteristics are used to distinguish species

Answer 41

phylogenetic

Question 42

which species concept is phylogenetic trees and analyses of ancestry serve to differentiate species

Answer 42

evolutionary

Question 43

which species concept is species separate based on their use of diff. ecological niches and their presence in different habitats and environments

Answer 43

ecological

Question 44

what speciation involves spatial separation of populations by a geographical barrier

Answer 44

allopatric speciation (other country)

Question 45

what speciation is when members of a species that initially occupied the same habitat within the same range diverge into two or more diff. species

Answer 45

sympatric speciation (same country)

Question 46

which era had no oxygen and moon was closer to earth cuasing larger tides and photosynthesizing cyanobacteria evolve but oxygen was toxic for bacteria

Answer 46

precambrian era

Question 47

which era was apperance of most of current marine invertebrate phyla and evolution of multicellular organisms accompanied atmospheric changes

Answer 47

cambrian

Question 48

which era and period saw the first evidence of terrestrial life as primitive plants and fungi

Answer 48

paleozoic era, ordovician period

Question 49

which era and period saw the first jawed fish and 2 large continets formed and the climate was warm and wet

Answer 49

paleozoic era, silurian period

Question 50

which era and period was the age of fishes

Answer 50

plaeozoic era, devonian period

Question 51

which period saw 30+% oxygen levels and reptiles arose

Answer 51

carboniferous period

Question 52

which period saw continents transform to pangaea and extinction of lots with oxygen levels dropping

Answer 52

permian period

Question 53

which era pangaea split and gymnosperms became large and dominant and oxygen levels dropped to 13%

Answer 53

mesozoic era

Question 54

species have to evolve just to keep pace with envrionmental change and to avoid extinction

Answer 54

red queen hypothesis

Question 55

species can disappear when a lineage is transformed over evolutionary time or divides into two or more separate lineages

Answer 55

pseudoextinction

Question 56

How can scientists discern that feathers are an exaptation? by studying the shared ancestors of birds and deriving behaviors when feathers first evolved by using a microscope to examine cells in a blood sample by studying birds that have feathers but do not fly scientists do not have enough evidence to discern that feathers are an exaptation. by studying the ancestors of birds to determine if feathers were an adaptation

Answer 56

by studying the shared ancestors of birds and deriving behaviors when feathers first evolved

Question 57

What is evolutionary reversal? a group of organisms that are outside of the monophyletic group being considered the independent origin of similar traits in separate evolutionary lineages the reversion of a derived character state to a form resembling its ancestral state a similar character state that came about through shared descent an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry

Answer 57

the reversion of a derived character state to a form resembling its ancestral state

Question 58

The group Reptilia was paraphyletic because ________ were not included in the group. Group of answer choices fish birds crocodilians mammals amphibians

Answer 58

birds