Bio 214(GEE) > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are found in high numbers in a tumor

A

Dendritic cels

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2
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of

A

Joint disease
Synovial fluid is replete

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3
Q

Osteoarthritis is an example of

A

Joint disease
formation of osteophytes (bone outgrowth; bone spurs)

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4
Q

What is ADH and what inhibits it

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)- reduces urine production

Caffeine & C2H5OH (ethanol)

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5
Q

Diuresis definition

A

urine formation

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6
Q

Gouty arthritis is an example of

A

Joint Disease (gout)

deposition of needle-like cyrstals of uric acid in joints

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7
Q

Most prevelant amino acid in skeletal muscle is

A

Glutamate

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8
Q

What does contractile-shortening theory state

A

actin & myosin slide past each other; they do NOT shorten

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9
Q

Muscle fiber types: type 1

A

slow oxidative

speed: slow contraction
energy: aerobic (O2 & glucose)
fatigue: very slow to fatigue
Force: Low force, long duration

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10
Q

Muscle fiber types: type 2 A

A

Fast oxidative

speed: fast contraction
energy: Mostly aerobic, can switch to anaerobic
fatigue: Medium (faster to fatigue than type 1)
Force: Medium force, medium duration

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11
Q

Muscle fiber types: type 2 B

A

Fast glycolytic

speed: Very fast contraction
energy: Anaerobic glycolysis
fatigue: Very fast fatigue
Force: High power, short bursts

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12
Q

3 names of a muscle cell

A

Muscle cell, myofiber, and myocyte

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13
Q

Significance of t-tubule

A

Action potential to go deep

Calcium gets out and troponin binds the calcium

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14
Q

First step of the muscle contractile cycle

A

1) Cross bridge formation: Calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum and troponin binds the free calcium. The troponin/tropomyson complex moves to expose myson head binding sites ON actin.

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15
Q

What is cross bridge formation

A

When myosin heads bind actin

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16
Q

Second step of the muscle contractile cycle

A

2) Power stroke: The myosin heads will pull actin over the top of the myosin. (Sliding filament theory)

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17
Q

Third step of the muscle contractile cycle

A

3) Detachment: A new ATP binds to myosin heads. This causes the myosin head to detach from actin.

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18
Q

What happens if one were out of ATP concerning step 3 (detachment) of the muscle contractile cycle

A

Cramps (when alive)
Rigor mortis (when dead)

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19
Q

Fourth step of the muscle contractile cycle

A

4) Recocking: Myosin can only bind ATP, but can hydrolyze ATP to ADP + PO4, which recocks the myosin head so that it can re-attach to another actin molecule.

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20
Q

Which does and doesn’t shorten in muscle contraction

A

Shortens: H-band & I-band & the actual sarcomere
Doesn’t Shorten: A-band (length of myosin), actin, and myosin

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21
Q

What does vagus mean

A

to wander

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22
Q

How is Botox used

A

Botox interferes with NT binding to prevent migraines

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23
Q

What do myelinated nerves allow

A

faster transmission of electrical signals

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24
Q

Immediate muscle soreness

A

Muscle burns (Wall sits= quadriceps on fire)

Lactate to liver = Cori cycle

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25
24-48 Hours after heavy lifting or overexertion muscles soreness
Tiny micro-tears (testosterone level goes up in both genders)
26
Soreness that lasts for weeks muscle soreness
Overexertion coupled w engaging in activity the body has not adjusted to (playing 11 softball games in one day)
27
myopathy
a disease of the muscle where the muscle fibers don't function properly
28
Muscular dystrophy causes
muscle degeneration progressive weakness fiber death fiber branching and splitting phagocytosis
29
How can the same molecule (Acetylcholine) have different physiological effects
binds to different receptors (receptor becomes channel)
30
Capillary bed characteristics
1 endotheilial cell thick site of exchange clear
31
what are the spaces in between capillary beds
endothelial clefts
32
sympathetic vs parasympathetic
sympathetic- manages "fight or flight" parasympathetic- manages "rest and digest"
33
Precapillary sphincters are under ___ ___ via the ____ nervous system, which regulates ____ ___ into capillary beds when ___ is released by a neuron
adrenergic control; sympathetic; blood flow; norepinephrine
34
Where are nicotinic ACH receptors/channels (nAChRs) found
skeletal muscle cells
35
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor process
ACh binds the nicotinic receptor, opening its ligand-gated cation channel. Na⁺ enters, causing depolarization, and if the threshold is reached, an AP occurs
36
What does it mean if a cell is depolarized
The cell's membrane potential becomes less negative than it was at rest ex: positive Na+ ion make potential -70 -> -50
36
vagus means
to wander
37
Where are muscarinic receptors/channels found
S.A. node of cardiac muscle
38
When ___ binds to receptors on the pre capillary sphincter, which was released by a neuron under ___ control, it causes vaso___
norepinephrine; sympathetic; constriction
39
Metabollically active tissue (in precapillary sphincters) causes vaso___ because __ levels go up and pH goes ___
dilation; CO2; down (acidic) (cuz more waste=need more blood)
40
Low O2 levels in pre-capillary sphincters causes ___ to convert to ___ acid and this causes pH to ___, leading to vaso___
pyruvate; lactic; drop (acidic); dilation
41
excess of blood in the vessels
hyperemia
42
Peptide hormones are hydro___
phillic (can't easily pass through the lipid membrane; binds to receptors on the surface instead of entering and triggers 2nd messengers inside the cell)
43
Secretory pathway of peptide hormones (how they are made and processed)
cytosol->RER->Golgi->stored until need ribosomes make->enters rough ER->modified and packaged in the Golgi apparatus->stored until needed
44
Steroid hormones are made from __ and are hydro__, meaning they (do/don't) pass through the plasma membrane
cholesterol (a lipid); phobic; do
45
Three key features of steroid hormones
hydrophobic (pass through) made when needed (not stored) affect gene expression
46
What happens to fluid in capillary beds when there is no injury
Some fluid still leaks out of the capillaries, and the lymphatic system picks it up
47
What happens in capillary beds during an injury
Endothelial clefts widen, so albumin leaks out and pulls fluid with it, causing swelling, pressure, and pain. The lymphatic system then helps pick up the extra fluid.
48
What is albumin
Albumin is the most abundant protein in plasma
49
main difference between anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary: -controlled by hypothalamus via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (blood) -makes/releases own hormones posterior pituitary: -controlled through neuroendocrine neurons -stores/releases hormones made in the hypothalamus
50
Hormones associated with anterior pituitary
Growth hormone, prolactin, endorphins
51
Hormones associated with posterior pituitary
oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)
52
What are myofilaments
threadlike protein filaments that create myofibrils thick (myosin) thin (actin)
53
Steps of exposure of the myosin-binding sites on actin (thin)
1- Ca enters SR through Ca ATPase pump 2- AP hits SR and V.G. Ca Channel opens 3- Ca is released, and troponin on tropomyosin binds Ca 4- Tropomyosin rolls and exposes myosin-binding sites on actin
54
What is the sequence of cross-bridge formation
AP hits SR-> Ca binds to troponin-> tropomyosin moves-> myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed-> myosin heads bind to actin = Cross Bridge formation
55
What happens to ADH and urine volume during dehydration?
ADH increases urine volume decreases Urine is darker
56
What is osmolarity
of particles ------------------ volume of fluid
57
What happens to blood osmolarity during dehydration; what is severe dehydration
Blood osmolarity goes up since there's less water to the # of particles (+/-) 306+
58
What is the sequence before contraction begins
Motor neuron AP arrives → ACh released → ACh binds nicotinic receptors on motor end plate → Na⁺ enters → muscle fiber depolarizes (cuz of positive Na+ ions making RMP less -)→ AP spreads across sarcolemma and down T-tubules (to reach deep)→ SR releases Ca²⁺ via V.G. Ca Channel→ Ca²⁺ binds troponin → contraction process can begin
59
What is myoglobin and what does it do in skeletal muscle
Myoglobin is a one-subunit oxygen-binding protein in muscle that stores and releases O₂ to help support aerobic respiration.
60
What is the role of creatine phosphate in muscle cells?
Creatine phosphate helps quickly regenerate ATP by donating a phosphate to ADP, providing rapid energy for muscle contraction.
61
What causes the burning feeling during intense muscle activity?
During intense exercise with limited O₂, pyruvate is converted to lactate, acidity increases, and this contributes to the burning sensation; lactate can then go to the liver in the Cori cycle.
62
How do heavy lifting and testosterone relate to muscle growth?
Heavy lifting can cause microtears; repair recruits satellite cells, which donate nuclei, and testosterone affects transcription, helping increase protein production like actin and myosin for muscle growth.
63
Bio 214(GEE)
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