Mandate of Heaven
China.
- Idea that Heaven legitimizes the the supreme ruler.
- Fundamental principle used by the Chinese for 3 millennia.
- Would come in to play when the civilization changed hands as a way to justify the cyclical nature of imperial leadership.
Hundred Days Reform
China.
1. Reform campaign in 1898 with western like thinking.
2. Attempted to reform the Qing state which looked for focus on education, not only confucian but more practical, looked for economic change to recognize the work of the since lowly merchant, and infrastructure.
4. Led by Kang Youwei.
After about 100 days it is rejected and reversed by the dowager who thinks the reforms are too radical, causes Kang to flee, and is met with brutal repression tactics leading to the Boxer Uprising.
Qianlong Emperor
China 1711-1799, Age 88.
- Manchu Emperor of Qing China
- Led the country in times of prosperity and political might.
- Though Manchu spent considerable time learning Chinese customs, language, traditions etc., to rule the large state with a clever strategy to prove he had the Mandate of Heaven and earn respect of the masses.
sinicization
China
- non-Han Chinese are under the influence of the Han Chinese
- Occurred with influence within China but also extended influences with alphabet/characters, diet, confucianism in other countries such as Japan and Korea.
- Exemplified the pervasive influence of the Ming Dynasty, and the ingrained traditions that needed to be adapted by the Qing for successful rule.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Japan. 1538-1598
- Warlord of the daimyō and ally of Oda Nobunga.
- Part of a castle building era of Japan.
- One of the successful generals responsible for restricting the actions of people in order to gain control and centralize control over Japan.
- Important failure is his attempt on invading Korea which he fails, but demonstrates the power he is attempting to marshall.
Lord MacCartney
British, in China. 1737–1806
- Diplomat sent to China to request a change in trade restrictions place on foreigners, though notably the British.
- These requests included opening up more trade ports (rather than just Canton), and given special preference.
- British thought they could get away with it thinking they held the balance of power even though they ran the trade deficit.
- Eventually led to the first Opium War which was the beginning of the end of the powerful Qing
Kamakura Shogunate
Japan, 1185-1333
1. First Feudal military shogunate established by Minamoto Yoritomo.
2. Time in which the Samurai emerged and ran as a military government.
3. Effective in putting off invasion by the Mongols,
4 Represented a Feudal and Imperial system.
Taiping Rebellion
China, 1850-1864
- Started by Hong Xiuquan, who was a failed scholar and influenced by missionaries, Protestant, shows the pervasiveness of foreign influence especially after the circumstance and event of the First Opium Far.
- wanted to establish a heavenly kingdom on earth.
- saw that many were struggling, especially in the south being hit by addiction, so rallied together to fight back, gov’t seen as not doing enough to help,
- movement of power in the hands of the people, and while the rebellion was ultimately put down, it was an important step in the trajectory of maoist principles in the coming century.
Zheng He
China, 1371 - 1433
- A Muslim, eunuch in the imperial court who had a significant impact on the trajectory of China, in particular the Ming Dynasty.
- moved up from a servant to having command over ships with in the chinese armadas.
- exemplified the ability of chinese society to rise up through the ranks from essentially nothing which was unlike to society in east asia at the time.
Kangxi Emperor
China, Manchuria
(r. 1661-1722)
1. super prosperous leader Qing leader who took the time to be a patron of arts, culture and tradition in China to establish control and look to hold the mandate of heaven.
2. In terms of Foreign policy looked to strengthen borders, as well as expand in to Mongol territory because they have superior strategy and technology.
3. set up a strong foundation for Qianlong emperor who would bring more prosperity to China. Which would appeal world wide trade within the next 100 years much attention from the British, and certainly the americans heading in to the 20th century,
Oda Nobunaga
Japan, 1534-82,
1. warlord and samurai who seized kyoto in 1568
important to solidify control over central japan, shifting power from the emperor to be held in rather the govern,net
2. seen to be quite ruthless, and while built castles and built trade, destroyed anything that he saw as a threat, temples other castles etc.
3. was an ally of Hideyoshi would would continue his work in control, centralization and restrictions on trades. particularly that that samurai needed to remain in their own class which would lead to much disfunction as the tokugawa period (which would eventually be founded) was in decline.
Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing)
China 1842
- Treaty between China and Britain that ends the first Opium War
- Has China agreeing to everything Lord Macartney tired to impose before, but was denied, but is actually a lot worse.
- Makes 4 more ports, preferential tariffs for Brits, owe reparations.
- Also make other countries want the same privileges and ignites a sporadic string of wars known as the (subsequent) Opium Wars.
Zheng He
China, 1371 - 1433
- A Muslim, eunuch in the imperial court who had a significant impact on the trajectory of China, in particular the Ming Dynasty.
- moved up from a servant to having command over ships with in the chinese armadas.
- exemplified the ability of chinese society to rise up through the ranks from essentially nothing which was unike to society in east asia at the time.
Oda Nobunaga
Japan, 1534-82,
1. warlord and samurai who seized kyoto in 1568
important to solidify control over central japan, shifting power from the emperor to be held in rather the govern,net
2. seen to be quite ruthless, and while built castles and built trade, destroyed anything that he saw as a threat, temples other castles etc.
3. was an ally of Hideyoshi would would continue his work in control, centralization and restrictions on trades. particularly that that samurai needed to remain in their own class which would lead to much disfunction as the tokugawa period was in decline.
Tokugawa Leyasu
Japan 1542 -1616
- Founded the Tokugawa shogunate, based out of Edo.
- institution created a government (shogun) which would handle the affairs of the state and removed power (significantly) military power of the emperors which would turn them in to figure heads.
- went in to a period of control and limits, was considered a time of both peace and prosperity which included seclusion from outside influences of the world that were decidedly not japanese.
Admiral Yi Sun-Sin
Korea, 1545-1598
Korean admiral, who gained prestige and success after staving of Japanese invasion.
Bumped up against Hideyoshi of Japan in history, remained agnation hero.
Commodore Perry
America, Japan
American captain who brought his ships to the harbour of Nagaski. ships were so big it intimidated the japanese enough to let him in.
though at first it only led to the treaty of friendship, the japanese had not perceived any outward threat from Perry yet.
eventually it led to the commercial treaty of 1858, which was perceived as a threat and had not received unanimous support.
led to uprisings around the periphery which were violently suppressed eventually leading to coup by the Satsuma from the south that would take kyoto.
Li Zicheng
China 1606-1645
Began a peasant rebellion in response to the Ming dynasty not being able to support it’s people, in particular it’s in ability to provide army with particular supplies,like boots.
2. gains support by appealing to unify others against a government which has abandoned them.
3. inevitably take northern china, then the imperial palace and the emperor hangs himself in response.
4. dHe is meant to stand in for emperor but is quickly overcome for general Wu, who looks to manchuria for support. the short term fall out is that the Manchus take china and install themselves in power and beings the Qing dynasty.
Itõ Hirobumi
Japan, 1841-1909
First Prime Minister of Japan under the Meiji Restoration
Involved and creating the constitutional government system and it’s supporting documents.
Initially was adverse to the party system and made the mistake of giving the lower house power to approve or reject budgets. ended up with House of Peers (the new aristocracy in japan) to forming their own political party to game the system.
results of constitutions remained to benefit the elite and power was held in the hands of a few oligarchs, and the rest vulnerable to feel disenfranchised.
