Exam 2

Question 1

Twenty One Demands

Answer 1

Japan. 1915

1. Japanese attempt to impose domination on China.
2. Took advantage of China’s weakness (after the fall of the Qing in 1911) with it’s favourable position after WWI bolstered the economy.
3. Not so much what they ask for, what that they ask for. It points to the sentiment of Japan at the time that they felt they had the power and the right to take over East Asia.
4. China had no choice but to concede meaning that Japanese continues to control Manchuria, and took substantial interests in Chinese mining.
5. Provoked serious resentment against the Japanese which would cripple future ongoing foreign relations in the long term

Question 2

May Fourth Movement

Answer 2

China. 1919

1. Student protest in Beijing as a response to the Treaty of Versailles that gave Japan more control in China.
2. Tied with the New Culture movement that was similar to the enlightenment as it had intellectuals and philosophers grappling with issues of liberation and marxism.
3. Socialist ideas that came popular would go on to influence the CCP, as well as Mao Zedong who would later come to control China and implement his brand of communism.
4. Also had strong Nationalist sentiment.

Question 3

Mao Zedong

Answer 3

China. 1893-1976

1. Leader of the Peoples Republic of China.
2. After an arduous journey including the Long March to Yan’an and the Chinese civil war, was able to influence his brand of communism and control all of China.
3. Focused on peasantry and agricultural collectivization.
4. Though it was a long trajectory, was able to succeed because of the ability to educate and promote communism and marshall support to all of those who were disenfranchised by the current regime.
5. Continue a legacy of communism in China and create subsequent tensions with the West especially with the United States.

Question 4

Sun Yatsen

Answer 4

China. 1866-1925.

1. Nationalist leader and President of the Republic of China.
2. Focused on three principles: nationalism, democracy, and livelihood.
3. In order for success he need to join forces with regional warlords because the state is so divided.
4. Teams up with Chiang Kai Shek who becomes recognized as the leader of China, attempts to exterminate the communists and fight off foreign powers.
5. Longer term great oppression amongst masses which would induce a culture open and ready for a revolution that would bring communism to china.

Question 5

Chiang Kai Shek

Answer 5

China. 1887-1975
1. President of China and leader of the Nationalist party after taking up the mantle of power after Sun Yatsen’s death.
2. Expands and maintains territory which Sun was not able to do.
3. Vehemently opposes the communist party as they are seen as a significant threat to his control. And works to eliminate them, particularly in 1927.
4. Writes a speech designed to bring back the traditional values of Confucius to define the difference between those who should lead and those who must be lead. Though modernizes the tenants to make sense in the modern context.
Longer term great oppression amongst masses which would induce a culture open and ready for a revolution that would bring communism to china.

Question 6

“Taishō” Democracy

Answer 6

Japan, 1912-1926

1. Period named after the Taishō emperor.
2. Is an era of popular movements, students, feminists, farmers, unions, labor reforms, connection to west and also prosperity.
3. Government reforms included compulsory education, universal male suffrage, and limited power of militarists.
4. But the death of the emperor and uncertainty with the onset of the Great Depression causes a rise in militarism.
5. Increased militarism induced more pressure for expansion, dominance which led to increased tensions with Manchuria and critical involvement in WWII,

Question 7

The Long March

Answer 7

China. 1934-1935

1. Withdrawal of Chinese communist to escape persecution of Chiang Kai-shek. 100k people 6k miles to Yan’an.
2. Leadership taken up by Mao Zedong
3. Opportunity to indoctrinated dedicated followers and promote his brand of communism.
4. Leaders of China, up until recently, all came out of this pool of 6000 surviving members of the March. CCP which is enduring today.

Question 8

New Culture Movement

Answer 8

China. 1919

1. New thinking and philosophies surrounding how China should be ruled, not unlike the enlightenment hundred of years before in europe. Induced by the cancellation of civil service examinations and influx of Western education.
2. Inspired the May Fourth Movement, student protestors who opposed the raw deal of the treaty of Versailles.
3. Led ground work and foundation for new ideologies and ideas of liberation, enter Marxism.
4. Influenced Mao who was coming of age during this time rose to power of CCP and would eventually rule China.

Question 9

Kamikaze Pilots

Answer 9

Japan. WWII deliberate by 1944.

1. Japanese pilots that deliberately crashed their planes in to targets, among other suicide weapons.
2. Volunteers was a sense of honour and sacrifices Bushidō, estimated of 5000 deaths by pilots.
3. Agressive tactic that caught the attention of the US, who bombed Hiroshima and Nagaski to end the world.
4. Destruction and long term unless from nuclear weapons.
5. long time tensions between US and Japan even know. Enola Gay.

Question 10

Whampoa Military Academy

Answer 10

China. 1924-1949.

1. Military academy established under Chiang Kaishek to train officers for the Nationalist Party.
2. Elite group emerged from this academy that were closely tied to Chiang.
3. Used in 1927 to eliminate communists, though would inevitably be unable to defeat the communists.
4. people allied with communists though to fend of the japanese over further expansion in manchuria.

Question 11

Fourteen Points

Answer 11

USA. 1918

1. Woodrow Wilson fourteen points address to congress meant to present a new world order that promoted peace in the wake of the Great War.
2. Point 5: colonial possessions.
3. Japan especially Korea.
4. Korea had hope, nothing changed, declared independence.
5. Japan put it down violently but eventually realized they and to do something with Korea.
6. Implemented Meiji like reforms, but the Koreans never really one, Japanese were always favoured.
7. Long term resentment ensued.

Question 12

Declaration of Independence,

Answer 12

Korea, 1919

1. Kim Kojong’s declaration of Independence from being Japan’s colonial possession.
2. Declaration Included affirmations that Koreans deserve rights and looked to do this peacefully knowing that they were weaker than the japanese. Were amiable in the declaration though subtle condemned past actions of the Japanese by using language like “aggression” to describe.
3. As nice as it was the Japanese stills saw this as a threat and and brutally repressed demonstrations, perhaps 7k killed.
4. After a time though, Japan saw they need to change their rule and the next era of cultural rule was ushered in when japanese saw the need to give koreans some space for opportunity though freedoms remained limited.
5. reforms for land, education, health were beneficial but the people who were benefited most were japanese living in korea and provoke continued anti- japanese sentiment.

Question 13

Comfort Women

Answer 13

China, 1938-1945

1. Sexual slaves in China provided to soldiers for “comfort”.
2. Brothels set up to control venereal disease and so stop men from raping and pillaging so they just enslaved a a controlled amount to them (?)
3. estimated between 100-200k women and girls were slaves, many of them from Korea.
4. Obviously seriously damaging to the women and children as young as 12, who were supposedly compensated. but let there lives and ruin and most had to go in to forced labour.
5. longer term, was conflict with the japanese who ignored that it occurred until finally in the 90s there was an apology for it.

Question 14

Rape of Nanking

Answer 14

China (Japan, Korea) 1937

1. Massacre of Nanking during the Sino Japanese War included murder for amusement, as many as 400k died.
2. Including 10k of rapes.
3. most military leaders were left up punished.

Question 15

Yan’an Communism

Answer 15

China. 1939

1. Mao Zedong’s brand of communism established in Yan’an after the Long March to escape the terror of Chiang Kaisheks attempt to eliminate all of the communists in china.
2. Became the centre of distributing

Question 16

Shanghai

Answer 16

China, 1900-1945

1. Chiang Kai Shek, Nationalist Power, coast power
2. then place to be the 1920s/30s, why was it so attractive especially to foreigners, who becomes left out?
3. Rural peasants, and communists.

Question 17

Yuan Shikai

Answer 17

China, 1859-1916

1. Was the most powerful warlord at the time in China, among many who controlled disparate regions, sees that creation of a new dynasty would be the solution from the increasing western power and interference.
2. Looks to Sun Yatsen to call for a revolution not he intellectual front.
3. Though Shikai dies before he is able to marshall the military might necessary, Yatsen’s creation of the Nationalist party in 1919 is further bolstered by Chiang Kaisheks military agenda and is able to control the majority of china and form some semblance of unity.

Question 18

Sin’ganhoe

Answer 18

Korea, 1920s
1. New Korean Society which was a nationalist endeavour that sought to earn equal rights including abolition of social and legal discrimination against women, s well as outlawing early marriage.
2. Response to japanese colonialization, and was facilitated some what by the Japan’s realization that they needed to ease up on the Koreans after a brutal expression of violence pushed down their demonstrations following the declaration of independence, though koreans
3. Would lead to in the south a new constitution in 1948 which guaranteed individual rights and freedoms, right to education and universal suffrage.
4.

Question 19

Greater Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere

Answer 19

Japan 1941-1942

1. pseudo political and economic union of japanese dominated gains in the asia pacific during WWII.
2. Attempt to expand the influence and position of the Japanese though there governance was a miss.
3. Though they were abler o marshall those willing to align with them, particularly by requesting they liberate them selves from colonizers (the west) they essentially just swapped for new powers.
4. In terms of the war they failed tactically because resources were limited, and further they could not reach diplomatic agreements to end conflict and tensions that requested that Japan give up those possession. which instigated the attack on pearl harbour initially, and finally hiroshima and nagasaki which had long lasting effects.

Question 20

SCAP

Answer 20

Japan/USA Post WWII

1. Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, led by General Douglas MacArthur.
2. Led the occupation of Japan post WWII and implemented reforms to get japan back on track.
3. Wary of harsh penalties because of the experience with Germany post WWI. Dissolved military, zaibatsus, decentralized police force, but also made land and education reform. and wrote the constitution and implemented a democratic government.
4. Finally ended in 1952 with japan regaining their sovereignty, but has also tied japan in to a peace treaty that stops japan from going to war. as an extension of article 9 of their constitution.