1
Q
Chondroblasts:
Chondrocytes:
A
- Produce Matrix for cartilage (immature cells)
2. (mature) Cells surrounded by matrix in spaces called lacunae
2
Q
Interstitial Growth:
Appositional Growth:
A
- From within the cartilage
2. Along the cartilage periphery
3
Q
3 types of cartilage:
A
Hyaline: Articular surfaces and nose
Fibrocartilage: Vertebral processes, pubic symphysis
Elastic Cartilage: Pinna of the ear
4
Q
4 functions of bone:
A
- Support/Protection
- Hemopoiesis
- Movement
- Storage of mineral and energy reserves
5
Q
What is articular cartilage?
A
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage at articulations to reduce friction
6
Q
What are the 4 types of bones
A
Long bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Flat bones
7
Q
The ____ of a bone is the attachment sites for ligaments and tendons.
A
Epiphysis
8
Q
The metaphysis, between the epiphysis and diaphysis, contains the _______.
A
Epiphyseal growth plate
9
Q
What is the medullary cavity?
A
Hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow.
10
Q
Osteoblasts:
Osteoclasts:
A
- Lay down matrix for new bone
2. Nuclear cells that dissolve bone matrix and release calcium
11
Q
The _____ covers external surfaces of bone and is anchored by ______ in the bone matrix.
A
- Periosteum
2. Perforating Fibers
12
Q
Osteoprogenitor cells:
A
Produce more osteoblasts or stem cells
13
Q
Osteocytes:
A
Maintain bone matrix and detect mechanical stress
14
Q
Spongy bone is made up of an open lattice of narrow plates called ______
A
Trabeculae
15
Q
Canaliculi:
A
Small passageways that allow osteocytes to pass through them and communicate.
16
Q
Osteon:
A
Mature functional unit of compact bone
17
Q
Epidermal Layer (3):
A
- Avascular
- Made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Has 5 layers
18
Q
Stratum Basale (5):
A
- Single layer of mitotic cells
- Adjacent to the dermis
- Keratinocytes (produce keratin/waterproof skin)
- Melanocytes (produce melanin for pigment)
- Tactile cells (sensitive to touch)
19
Q
Stratum Spinosum (3):
A
- Many layers thick
- S. Basale daughter cells differentiate into highly specialized non-dividing keratinocytes
- Contains epidermal dendritic cells (Immune defense and phagocytosis)
20
Q
Stratum Granulosum (3):
A
- 3-5 layers of keratinocytes
- Fully keratinized cells are dead
- Forms epidermal water barrier
21
Q
Stratum Lucidum (2):
A
- Thin, translucent, 2-3 layers thick
- Cells lack organelles, filled with eleidin-intermediate product of keratin maturation
22
Q
Stratum Corneum (3):
A
- Most superficial layer
- 23 layers thick
- Made up of dead keratinocytes
23
Q
Thick vs. Thin Skin (2):
A
- Thick skin contains all 5 epidermal layers
- Thin skin doesn’t contain stratum lucidum
24
Q
Dermis is composed of ________
A
Areolar and dense irregular connective tissue
25
2 layers of the Dermis:
Papillary and Reticular
26
Papillary layer (3):
- Superficial (next to epidermis)
- Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges interlock- Increases S.A. between dermis and epidermis
- Dermal papillae contain capillaries to supply nutrients
27
Reticular Layer (3):
- Deeper/Thicker layer
- Large bundles of collagen, blood vessels, glands, hair follicles and nerves
- Collagen fibers connect dermis to hypodermis
28
3 reasons Dermis contains nerves:
- Tactile Receptors
- Controls blood flow
- Controls glandular secretions
29
2 reasons Dermis contains blood vessels:
- Supplies nutrients and helps regulate body temperature
| - Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction
30
What is the significance of the Sternoclavicular Joint?
It is the only connection between the upper extremities and the axial skeleton.
31
What is meant by "gliding" of bone?
Articular surfaces move, but angle of bones stays the same.
32
Where does bone gliding occur?
Plane joints
| i.e. Carpals and Tarsals
33
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
```
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condylar
Ball and Socket
Saddle
```
34
What are Tendon Sheaths?
Elongated bursae around tendons that restrict movement
35
What type of cells have an apical and basal surface?
Epithelial
36
Which type of tissue is avascular?
Epithelial
37
What is mesenchyme?
The source of all adult connective tissue
38
What is Simple epithelium?
A single layer of cells with all cells having an apical surface and attached to the basement membrane
39
What is Stratified epithelium?
Two or more layers of cells; not all cells have an apical surface nor do all cells attach to the basement membrane
40
What is Pseudostratified epithelium?
Cell nuclei give the appearance of a multilayered epithelium, but not all cells reach the apical surface
41
What makes fibrocartilage so strong?
Densely interwoven collagen fibers
42
What is the nail matrix?
An extension of the stratum corneum. Thickened growing part of the nail bed.
43
What is the nail plate composed of? (3)
A white, free edge of the nail
A pinkish nail body
A nail root that is covered by the skin
44
Lunula:
White semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened underlying stratum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis
45
What is hair?
Columns of keratinocytes growing from follicles deep in dermis or hypodermis
46
Regions of a hair from deep to surface: (3)
– Hair bulb
– Hair root
– Hair shaft
47
Hair bulb:
Swelling of epithelial cells where the hair
| orginates
48
Hair root:
Portion deep to the skin surface
49
Hair shaft:
Portion extending beyond the skin
| surface
50
The ______ surrounds each hair.
Hair follicle
51
________ muscles attach to hair shaft and respond to emotions and cold temperatures by contracting, standing the hair up, therefore
producing “goose bumps”.
Arrector Pilli
52
5 Functions of Hair:
```
Protection
Heat retention
Sensory reception
Visual identification
Chemical signal dispersal
```
53
What are the two exocrine glands of the skin?
Suderiferous: Can be merocrine or apocrine and produce watery solution (sweat)
Sebaceous: Produce oily solution
54
Which glands are relatively inactive during childhood? (sex hormones at puberty cause secretions to increase significantly)
Sebaceous Glands
55
Endosteum: (2)
- Contains ALL (osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts)
- Covers most internal surfaces of bone
56
Periosteum: (5)
-- Dense irregular connective tissue
– Covers external surfaces of bones (except
articular cartilage)
– Anchored by perforating fibers embedded in the bone matrix
– Acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves – Contains osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts NOT osteoclasts
57
What is Hydroxyapetite formed of?
Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Hydroxide
58
What is one example of a place where flat bones are found?
The Skull
59
The ______ are cylindrical structures that ________.
1. Osteons
| 2. Run parallel to the diaphysis
60
At center of osteon; carries blood vessels and
| nerves:
Central Canal
61
Rings of bone around central canal:
Concentric Lamellae
62
Housed in lacunae between concentric lamellae:
Osteocytes
63
Tiny, interconnecting channels within bone that
| extend between lacunae:
Canaliculi
64
```
Run perpendicular to and help connect multiple
central canals (Passageways for blood vessels and nerves):
```
Perforating Canals
65
Rings of bone immediately internal to the periosteum or internal to the endosteum (Run the entire circumference of the bone):
Circumferential Lamellae
66
Leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed:
Interstitial Lamellae
67
Trabeculae contain ______ lamellae
Parallel
68
Spongy bone lacks _______
Osteons
69
Intramembranous Ossification:
Bone develops from mesenchyme, produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, mandible, and central portion of clavicle.
70
Endochondral Ossification:
Bone formation begins with hyaline cartilage model (produces majority of bones in the body)
71
Bone growth in length is referred to as:
Interstitial Growth ( at growth plate)
72
Bone growth in diameter is referred to as:
Appositional growth (at periosteum)
73
What is the function of the hypodermis?
It is essentially a storage layer for fat that acts as a thermal regulator and adds protection.
74
Fibrous Joints:
Bones held together by dense regular connective tissue
75
Cartilaginous Joints:
Bones joined by cartilage
76
Synovial Joints:
Bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity
77
Diarthrosis:
AmphiArthrosis:
Synarthrosis:
Freely movable joint
Slightly movable joint
Immobile Joint
78
3 Types of Fibrous Joints:
-Gomphoses: Synarthroses formed between teeth and maxilla or mandible
-Sutures: Joints between skull bones;
synarthroses
-Syndesmoses: Joints between parallel bones in the forearm and leg (radius and ulna, tibia and fibula); amphiarthrosis
79
2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints:
-Synchondroses: Bones joined by hyaline cartilage (synarthrosis)
-Symphyses: Bones joined by pad of
fibrocartilage; amphiarthrosis
80
List the 6 components of a the general anatomy of a synovial joint:
```
– Articular capsule
– Joint cavity
– Synovial fluid
– Articular cartilage
– Ligaments
– Nerves and blood vessels
```
81
What are the 2 layers of an articular capsule?
- Outer Fibrous layer made of dense regular connective tissue that strengthens and protects the joint
- Inner synovial membrane that secretes fluid into the cavity
82
2 Functions of Synovial fluid:
- Lubricates and nourishes chondrocytes and articular cartilage
- Shock absorption upon compression of the joint
83
What are bursae?
Sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons, and/or bones rub;
contain synovial fluid
84
Moving your thumb across your palm:
Opposition
85
Turning the soles of your feet inward:
Inversion
86
What is the glenoid labrum?
A ligament around the margin of the glenoid cavity inside the joint capsule
87
4 BURSAE associated with Glenohumeral Joint:
Subdeltoid
Subacromial
Subcoracoid
Subscapular
88
Muscles associated with the Glenohumeral Joint:
S.I.T.S.
89
4 Ligaments associated with the Glenohumeral Joint:
Glenohumeral
Transverse Humeral
Coracohumeral
Coracoacromial
90
What are the two sub-joints of the elbow?
- Humeroulnar
| - Humeroradial
91
3 ligaments associated with the elbow joint:
- Radial collateral
- Ulnar collateral
- Anular
92
The coxal joint is a ________ between the ______ and the ______.
1. Diarthrotic ball-and-socket joint
2. Head of the femur
3. Acetabulum of the hip bone (os coxae)
93
4 ligaments associated with the coxal joint:
- Iliofemoral
- Ischiofemoral
- Pubofemoral
- Ligament of Head of Femur
94
The knee joint is a _______ between the ______.
1. Diarthrotic Hinge Joint
| 2. Femur, Tibia, and Patella
95
5 Ligaments associated with the Knee Joint:
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament
- Posterior Cruciate Ligament
- Patellar Ligament
- Fibular Collateral Ligament
- Tibial Collateral Ligament
96
4 Characteristics of Muscles Tissue:
- Excitability
- Elasticity
- Extensibility
- Contractility
97
5 Functions of Muscle:
1. Body movement
2. Maintenance of posture
3. Temperature regulation
4. Storage and movement of materials
5. Support
98
Difference between Deep Fascia and Superficial Fascia:
Deep separates muscles from each other while superficial separates muscles from the skin
99
Aponeurosis:
Flat sheet-like tendon
100
Difference between origin and insertion:
Origin is the less movable point of attachment, insertion is the more movable point of attachment.
101
Isometric versus Isotonic contraction:
Isometric: Length is constant, tension is changing
Isotonic: Tension is constant, length is changing
102
Concentric versus Eccentric contraction:
Concentric: Muscle is shortening
Eccentric: Muscle is lengthening
103
1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns:
1st: Epidermis only, inflamed, redness some edema
2nd: Also Dermis, some scarring, painful, blistered
3rd: Also Hypodermis, dehydration and infection are likely
104
What is Acne:
Plugged sebaceous gland ducts (during puberty mostly)
105
What is Achondroplastic Dwarfism?
Abnormal conversion of cartilage to bone. Chondrocytes in epiphyseal plate stop multiplying so long bones stop growing.
106
What causes Rickets?
Vitamin D deficiency in childhood that leads to poor absorption of Ca and P: No calcification of bones makes them too flexible
107
What is osteoporosis?
Weakened bones leading to fractures, often associated with menopause because decreasing estrogen levels means less stimulus for bone growth
108
What are the two types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis: Breakdown of articular cartilage leading to bone on bone contact
Rheumatoid Arthritis:
-Synovial membrane inflammation, joint swelling
-Cartilage and bone erode
-Scar tissue forms and ossifies, bones fuse (ankylosis)
109
What does Dystrophin do?
Links actin filaments with ECM components such as laminin
Anatomy 165
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