Anatomy 165 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Somatic Nervous System includes processes ____________, while the Autonomic Nervous system includes processes _______________.

A
  1. Perceived and controlled consciously

2. Regulated below the conscious level

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2
Q

An autonomic nerve stimulus is detected by ____________, which synapse with ________, that finally synapse with ________ in order to ________.

A
  1. Visceral sensory neurons
  2. Pre-ganglionic Autonomic Motor Neuron
  3. Ganglionic Motor Neuron
  4. Trigger action of target effectors
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3
Q

The somatic motor neurons innervate ______, while autonomic motor neurons innervate ______________.

A
  1. Skeletal muscle fibers

2. Smooth muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers, and glands

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4
Q

ANS motor neurons can _________ cells in the _______, while SNS motor neurons ________.

A
  1. Either excite or inhibit
  2. Viscera
  3. Only excite target cells
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5
Q

The SNS uses _____ motor neuron that _________ in order to ________, while the ANS uses ______ motor neurons in order to ________.

A
  1. Only one
  2. Extends uninterrupted from the spinal cord to the target
  3. Innervate one or more muscle fibers
  4. Two motor neurons
  5. Innervate target glands or muscle fibers
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6
Q

The cell bodies of pre-ganglionic neurons are located in________ and extend to _______, while the cell bodies of ganglionic neurons are located in _________ and extend to ________.

A
  1. Gray matter of the spinal cord (lateral horn)
  2. Autonomic ganglionic neurons
  3. Autonomic ganglions in the PNS
  4. Target (effector) cells
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7
Q

The axon of a ganglionic neuron is called a ________.

A

Post-ganglionic axon

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8
Q

A two-neuron pathway allows for greater ______ and _______ due to: (2)

A
  • –>Communication and Control
    1. Neuronal Convergence: Axons from numerous pre-ganglionic cells synapse on a single ganglionic cell
    2. Neuronal divergence: Axons from one preganglionic cell synapse on numerous ganglionic cells
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9
Q

The neurotransmitter for the SNS is ______, while the ANS neurotransmitter is ________.

A
  1. ACh
  2. –>ACh for Pre-ganglionic Axons
    • ->Either ACh OR NE for Post-ganglionic Axons
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10
Q

Compare the axons of SNS and ANS motor neurons:

A 
SNS Motor Neurons:
-Thicker
-Myelinated 
-FAST Conduction
ANS Motor Neurons:
---->Pre-ganglionic: Thin and Myelinated
---->Post-ganglionic: Thinner and Un-myelinated
-Both have SLOW conduction
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11
Q

The SNS is involved with _____ control, while the ANS is involved with ______.

A
  1. Voluntary

2. Involuntary

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12
Q

Compare the ganglia associated with SNS and ANS SENSORY input:

A

Both synapse at Posterior Root Ganglia

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13
Q

The two divisions of the ANS are the ______, which functions to ___________ and the ______, which functions to ___________.

A
  1. Sympathetic NS: Prepare the body for emergencies (fight-or-flight), increase alertness and metabolic activity
  2. Parasympathetic NS: Conserve energy and replenish nutrient stores (rest-and-digest), and maintain homeostasis
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14
Q

The Parasympathetic NS originates in __________ located in the _________ and ________.

A
  1. Pre-ganglionic nuclei
  2. -Brainstem Nuclei (CN 3, 7, 9, 10)
    • S2-S4 segments of Spinal Cord
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15
Q

The Sympathetic NS originates in __________ located in the __________.

A
  1. Pre-Ganglionic Nuclei

2. Lateral horns of T1-L2 segments of the Spinal Cord

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16
Q

Within the ANS, Parasympathetic motor neurons have _______ pre-ganglionic axons and ______ post-ganglionic axons, while Sympathetic motor neurons have _______ pre-ganglionic axons and ______ post-ganglionic axons.

A 
Parasympathetic:
1. Long Pre-ganglionic
2. Short Post-ganglionic
Sympathetic:
3. Short, BRANCHING Pre-ganglionic
4. Long Post-ganglionic
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17
Q

Autonomic ganglia for the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic motor neurons are located ______ and _____ respectively.

A

Parasympathetic:
-Close to OR within effector organ wall
Sympathetic:
-Close to the vertebral column

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18
Q

The Parasympathetic NS is also called the _______, and the Sympathetic NS is also called the ______.

A
  1. Craniosacral division of the ANS

2. Thoracolumbar division

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19
Q

In the Parasympathetic division, one pre-ganglionic axon innervates _______, while in the Sympathetic division, one axon innervates __________. Essentially, the DIVERGENCE of axons in the ______ division is far greater.

A
  1. Less than 4 ganglionic neurons
  2. More than 20 ganglionic neurons
  3. Sympathetic
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20
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia are either called _______ or _______ respectively, because of their locations which are near or on the target organ, while Sympathetic ganglia are known as either ________ or _______, because they are found ________ and _________ respectively.

A
  1. Terminal ganglia: Near the target organ
  2. Intramural ganglia: Located within the wall of the target
  3. PARA-vertebral (Sympathetic trunk) ganglia: On either side of the vertebral column
  4. PRE-vertebral (Collateral) ganglia: Anterior to vertebral column and descending aorta
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21
Q

Name 10 target organs of the ANS:

A
  • Penis
  • Gallbladder
  • Bladder
  • Ureter
  • Lung
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Heart
  • Esophagus
  • Trachea
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22
Q

What are the 4 cranial nerves associated with the Parasympathetic division?

A
  1. (3)Oculomotor
  2. (7) Facial
  3. (9) Glossopharyngeal
  4. (10) Vagus
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23
Q

The Vagus nerve projects __________ to supply innervation through many branches to __________, where they _____________ (3), and also innervates _________.

A
  1. Inferiorly through the neck
  2. Thoracic organs
  3. -Increase mucous production
    • Decrease airway diameter
    • Decrease Heart Rate/Force of Contraction
  4. Most abdominal organs
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24
Q

The Vagal Trunks pass through _________ and associate with the ________, and project branches to _____ located ________. This activity acts to ___________(2).

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. Abdominal Aorta
  3. Ganglia
  4. Adjacent/Within the target organ
    - —————————
  5. Increase smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in digestive tract organs
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25
Pre-ganglionic neuron cell bodies housed within __________ branch to form Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves, which contribute to the ______ and ______.
1. Lateral gray matter horns of S2-S4 spinal cord segments 2. -Superior Hypogastric Plexus - Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
26
In the case of Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves, pre-ganglionic fibers project to ______ within _________ of the ________ (5).
1. Ganglionic neurons 2. Terminal OR Intramural Ganglia of the: - Large Intestine - Rectum - Reproductive Organs - Urinary Bladder - Distal Ureter
27
For each of the 4 Parasympathetic Cranial nerves AND the Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves, give the CNS origin of the pre-ganglionic neurons:
- CN 3 Occulomotor:-----------> Midbrain - CN 7 Facial:---------------------> Pons - CN 9 Glossopharyngeal:---> Medulla - CN 10 Vagus: ------------------> Medulla - Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves:-> S2-S4 segments
28
For each of the 4 Parasympathetic Cranial nerves AND the Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves, give the associated Autonomic ganglion:
- CN 3 Occulomotor:-----------> Ciliary Ganglion - CN 7 Facial:---------------------> Pterygopalatine/SubMandibular - CN 9 Glossopharyngeal:---> Otic Ganglion - CN 10 Vagus: ------------------> Multiple Term/Intra ganglia - Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves:->Term/Intra ganglia
29
In the case of the Sympathetic NS, pre-ganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within ___________, and their axons travel with _____________ to the _______, and then finally to the _______.
1. Lateral horns of T1-L2 segments 2. Somatic motor neurons 3. Anterior roots of the spinal cord 4. T1-L2 spinal nerves
30
Sympathetic Trunks are located ______ and _______.
- Anterior to the Spinal Nerves | - Immediately Lateral to the Vertebral Column
31
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia house _________, with approximately ______ sympathetic ganglia associated with each spinal nerve.
1. Sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies | 2. ONE
32
The CERVICAL portion of each sympathetic trunk is partitioned into the ____, _____, and _____ ganglia.
1. Superior 2. Middle 3. Inferior
33
Post-ganglionic axons from cell bodies in the SUPERIOR cervical ganglion distribute to ___________, while MIDDLE and INFERIOR cervical ganglia house neuron cell bodies that extend post-ganglionic axons to ________.
1. Structures in the head and neck | 2. The thoracic viscera
34
The Sympathetic Splanchnic Nerves are composed of ________________________, and they run ________________________.
1. Pre-ganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion 2. Anteriorly from sympathetic trunk to most of viscera
35
Splanchnic Nerves typically terminate in ______, which are located ___________.
1. Pre-vertebral Ganglia | 2. Immediately anterior to the vertebral column on the anterolateral surface of the aorta
36
Pre-vertebral Ganglia tend to __________________.
Cluster around arteries, and are named after these arteries
37
Sympathetic postganglionic axons extend _________ and innervate _________.
1. Away from the the ganglia | 2. Many of the abdominal organs
38
The 3 types of Pre-Vertebral Ganglia are:
- Celiac ganglion - Superior mesenteric ganglion - Inferior mesenteric ganglion
39
The Celiac Ganglion is located ____________, and its pre-ganglionic axons comprise the __________________. It's post-ganglionic axons innervate the _____ (6).
1. Adjacent to the origin of the Celiac Artery 2. Greater thoracic splanchnic nerves (T5–T9) 3. Innervates: - Stomach - Spleen - Liver - Gallbladder - Proximal Duodenum - Part of Pancreas
40
The Superior Mesenteric Ganglion is located ____________, and its pre-ganglionic axons comprise the __________________. It's post-ganglionic axons innervate the _____ (6).
1. Adjacent to the origin of the Superior Mesenteric Artery 2. Lesser/Least thoracic splanchnic nerves (T10–T12) 3. Innervate: - Distal Duodenum - Part of Pancreas - Proximal part of Ureters - Proximal large intestine - Remainder of small intestine - Kidneys
41
The Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion is located ____________, and its pre-ganglionic axons comprise the __________________. It's post-ganglionic axons innervate the _____ (6).
1. Adjacent to the origin of the Inferior Mesenteric Artery 2. Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1–L2 segment) 3. Innervate: - Distal Colon - Distal Ureter - Rectum - Urinary Bladder - Most Reproductive Organs
42
All pre-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate in _______________, and the pre-ganglionic axons travel with ________, until they finally leave the spinal nerve through the _______ to enter the _______.
1. Lateral gray horns of T1–L2 regions of the spinal cord 2. T1-L2 spinal nerves 3. White Rami 4. Sympathetic Trunk
43
Once inside the sympathetic trunk pre-ganglionic axons may ________ or _________.
1. Remain at the level of entry | 2. Travel within the sympathetic trunk
44
Axons exit sympathetic trunk ganglia by these 4 possible pathways:
– Post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway – Adrenal medulla pathway – Spinal nerve pathway – Splanchnic nerve pathway
45
The Adrenal Medulla pathway serves to result in the ___________.
Release of Catecholamines in response to sensory stimuli
46
Autonomic plexuses are collections of ______, _______, and _______.
- Sympathetic Post-ganglionic axons - Parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons - Visceral sensory axons
47
List the 5 Autonomic Plexuses:
- Cardiac Plexus - Pulmonary Plexus - Esophageal Plexus - Abdominal Aortic Plexus - Hypogastric Plexus
48
What are the 3 components of the Abdominal Aortic Plexus?
- Celiac Plexus - Superior Mesenteric Plexus - Inferior Mesenteric Plexus
49
The Cardiac plexus is located _____________, and it consists of ____________ AND ________.
1. In the Mediastinum of the Thoracic Cavity 2. Post-ganglionic Sympathetic axons FROM thoracic Sympathetic trunk ganglia 3. Pre-ganglionic axons from the Vagus Nerve
50
Increased Sympathetic activity to the Cardiac Plexus causes ________________, while increased Parasympathetic activity causes _____________.
1. Increased Heart Rate AND Blood Pressure | 2. Decreased Heart Rate
51
The Pulmonary plexus consists of _________ and ________. Post-ganglionic axons project to ______ and ______.
1. Post-ganglionic sympathetic axons FROM thoracic Sympathetic trunk ganglia 2. Pre-ganglionic axons from the Vagus Nerve 3. Bronchi 4. Blood Vessels of the Lungs
52
Sympathetic Stimulation of the Pulmonary plexus causes _______, while Parasympathetic Stimulation causes _______.
1. Broncho-dilation | 2. Broncho-constriction AND Increases Mucous gland secretion in bronchial tree
53
The Esophageal Plexus consists of ___________. Parasympathetic stimulation __________.
1. Pre-ganglionic axons from the Vagus Nerve 2. Coordinates smooth muscle activity during swallowing reflex in inferior wall AND cardiac sphincter in the inferior esophagus
54
The Abdominal Aortic Plexus consists of ________ and _______.
1. Post-ganglionic axons from the Vertebral Ganglia | 2. Pre-ganglionic axons from the Vagus Nerve
55
The Hypogastric Plexus is a meshwork of ________ and _______. Post-ganglionic axons innervate __________.
1. Post-ganglionic sympathetic axons from the Aortic Plexus and the Lumbar region of the Sympathetic Trunk 2. Pre-ganglionic parasympathetic axons from the Pelvic Splanchnic Nerve 3. Viscera within the Pelvic region
56
All Pre-ganglionic axons release __________, which has a(n) ______ effect on the ______ cell.
1. ACh 2. Excitatory 3. Ganglionic
57
All post-ganglionic Parasympathetic axons (and a few post-ganglionic Sympathetic axons) release _______ onto _______.
1. ACh | 2. The Effector
58
Depending on the receptor, ACh from the Parasympathetic axons may __________. Also depending on the receptor, Norepinephrine may _______________.
1. Have either an excitatory or inhibitory effect | 2. Have either an excitatory or inhibitory effect
59
ACh released from sympathetic axons is ________, as exemplified by its actions on _____ and ______.
1. Excitatory only 2. Sweat Glands 3. Blood vessels in Skeletal Muscle
60
Most ________ axons release Norepinephrine onto the _______.
1. Post-ganglionic Sympathetic | 2. Effector
61
ACh binds to ______ receptors on ganglionic neurons and ______ receptors on target cells.
1. Nicotinic Cholinergic | 2. Muscarinic or Adrenergic
62
Define Dual Innervation:
Having innervation from POST-GANGLIONIC AXONS of both divisions of the ANS (i.e. Sympathetic AND Parasympathetic)
63
The resulting actions of dually innervated organs can be either ______ or ______.
1. Antagonistic | 2. Cooperative
64
_______ reflexes help maintain homeostasis. These reflexes consist of ______, _____, and _________.
1. Involuntary Autonomic 2. Consist Of: - Smooth Muscle Contractions - Cardiac Muscle Contractions - Gland Secretion - --------*In response to Stimuli*-----------
65
Describe the 5 Steps of an Autonomic Reflex: (Use the Urinary Bladder reflex as an example)
1. Stimulus activates receptor (Urinary bladder stretches as it fills with urine) 2. Nerve impulses are transmitted along sensory neurons to integration centers in the spinal cord 3. Sensory nerve impulses are processed in the integration center of the spinal cord 4. Nerve impulses are transmitted along motor neurons (via the Splanchnic Nerves) to the effector 5. The effector responds (Smooth muscle in the bladder wall contracts and the internal urethral sphincter relaxes)
66
Autonomic function is influenced by what 4 components of the CNS?
1. Cerebrum 2. Hypothalamus 3. Brain Stem 4. Spinal Cord
67
______ activities in the Cerebrum affect ____ control of the ANS.
1. Conscious | 2. Hypothalamic
68
The Hypothalamus is the _____ and _____ center for autonomic functions and is involved with _______.
1. Integration and Command | 2. Emotions
69
The Brain Stem contains major __________.
ANS Reflex Centers
70
The Spinal Cord contains ANS reflex centers for _______ and ______.
1. Defecation | 2. Urination
71
What is the main difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins carry blood to the heart
72
The arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart are called __________.
Great Vessels
73
Blood flow through the heart is _______ because of ______ within the heart.
1. Unidirectional | 2. FOUR valves
74
The heart is functionally considered _________ which work _______ to pump _________. One pump directs blood to _______, while the other directs blood to _______.
1. TWO side-by-side pumps 2. At the same rate 3. The same volume of blood 4. The lungs 5. Most body tissues
75
The heart generates Blood Pressure through ______________. Blood pressure is __________, and a minimum blood pressure is essential to __________.
1. Alternate cycles of the heart wall's contraction and relaxation 2. The force of the blood pushing against the inside walls of blood vessels 3. Circulate blood throughout the body
76
Describe the two circulations of the cardiovascular system:
1. Pulmonary: Right side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries/veins; Conveys blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart 2. Systemic: Left side of the heart and arteries/veins; Conveys blood to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart
77
Blood goes from the ______ of the heart to the _____, then the _____, and finally the ______.
1. Right Side 2. Lungs 3. Left side 4. Systemic cells
78
The heart lies _________ and _______, in a compartment of the _____ known as the ______.
1. Slightly left of the midline 2. Deep to the sternum 3. Thorax 4. Mediastinum
79
During development, the heart rotates so that the ______ is located more ______ and the _____ is located ______.
1. Right border--->More anteriorly | 2. Left border--->More posteriorly
80
The posterosuperior surface of the heart is mostly _______, and is called the ______.
1. Left Atrium | 2. Base of the heart
81
The Superior Border is formed by the _____ and the _____.
1. Great Arterial Vessels | 2. Superior Vena Cava
82
The Inferior Border is formed by the ________.
Right Ventricle
83
The _______ is called the Apex.
Inferior Conical End of the heart
84
The heart is enclosed within a tough sac called the ________, which ________ heart movements so that the heart ________.
1. Pericardium 2. Restricts 3. Moves only slightly within the thorax
85
Describe the 2 parts of the pericardium:
1. Fibrous Pericardium: Tough Outer Sac | 2. Serous Pericardium: Composed of parietal and visceral layers; Forms PERICARDIAL CAVITY
86
Relative to the Serous Pericardium, the _______ layer is the outer layer of the ______, while the _____ layer is the inner layer, and is also called the _______.
1. Parietal 2. Pericardial Cavity 3. Visceral (Epicardium)
87
Moving inward from the Visceral serous pericardium, the next two inner layers of the heart walls are the _____ and ____ respectively.
1. Myocardium | 2. Endocardium
88
Describe the 3 layers of the heart wall:
1. Epicardium: Visceral layer od serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue 2. Myocardium: Cardiac muscle, thickest of the three layers 3. Endocardium: Internal surfaces of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves
89
Describe the organization of the Epicardium (cell types):
Outer: (Visceral layer) Simple squamous epithelium Inner: Areolar connective tissue and fat
90
Describe the organization of the Endocardium (cell types):
Endothelium is at base of areolar connective tissue
91
The ______ borders of the ATRIA form a muscular extension called the _______.
1. Anteroinferior | 2. Auricle
92
Atria and ventricles are separated by a groove called the ________
Coronary Sulcus
93
Left and right Ventricles are separated by grooves called the _____ and ______, while the wall between the ventricles is known as the _______.
1. Anterior Inter-ventricular Sulcus 2. Posterior Inter-ventricular Sulcus 3. Inter-ventricular Septum
94
List the 4 valves of the heart:
1. Left Atrioventricular 2. Right Atrioventricular 3. Pulmonary Semilunar 4. Aortic semilunar
95
The _______ anchors the aortic arch to the left pulmonary artery.
Ligamentum Arteriosum
96
The Pulmonary Semilunar valve is located ___________.
Between the Right Ventricle and the Pulmonary Trunk
97
The Aortic Semilunar valve is located ____________.
Between the Left Ventricle and the Ascending Aorta
98
The ______ is also known as the Tricuspid Valve, while the _______ is also known as the Bicuspid Valve.
1. Right Atrioventricular Valve | 2. Left Atrioventricular Valve
99
A ______ is located between the chambers of the heart, and is formed from _________ connective tissue. It functions to ______ and ____________.
1. Fibrous Skeleton 2. Dense Regular 3. Functions: - Provide Structural Support - Act as an electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
100
The ______ arrangement of cardiac muscle bundles allows contraction beginning at the ______ to ______ the heart, and muscle contraction at upper regions of the heart to ____ the heart.
1. Spiral 2. Apex 3. Shorten 4. Narrow
101
The Right Atrium receives VENOUS blood from the ____, _____ and ______. The 3 veins that drain into the right atrium are:
1. Venous Blood from: - Heart - Muscles - Systemic Circulation 2. Veins Draining into Right Atrium: - Superior Vena Cava - Inferior Vena Cava - Coronary Sinus
102
________ blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the ________.
1. Deoxygenated venous blood | 2. Right Atrioventricular (Tricuspid) Valve
103
The right atrioventricular valve is forced closed when ________, preventing ______________.
1. The right ventricle begins to contract | 2. Blood back-flow into the right atrium
104
The inner wall of each ventricle displays large, irregular muscle ridges called ____________.
Trabeculae Carneae
105
The ventricles possess cone-shaped muscle projections known as _________, which anchor ________ from the _________ to the ________.
1. Papillary muscles 2. Chordae Tendinae 3. Right Atrioventricular Valve cusps 4. Wall of the heart
106
The Chordae tendinae prevent _______________.
The cusps from flipping into the atria when the ventricle contracts
107
At the _________ of the right ventricle is a smooth area called the ________. Beyond this area is the _______, which marks the end of the _________ and the beginning of the ________.
1. Superior End (Roof) 2. Conus Arteriosus 3. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve 4. Right Ventricle 5. Pulmonary Trunk
108
_______ blood travels from the Lungs to the Left Atrium through the ________.
1. Oxygenated | 2. Pulmonary Veins
109
The Bicuspid valve is forced shut when _________.
The Left Ventricle contracts
110
At the ________ of the left ventricle is the _________, which marks the end of the ______ and the beginning of the ______.
1. Superior End (Roof) 2. Aortic Semilunar Valve 3. Left Ventricle 4. Aorta
111
The ______ ventricular wall is typically THREE TIME thicker than the _____ ventricular wall.
LEFT>Right
112
The right and left coronary arteries travel within the _______ and supply the ________ with ________.
1. Coronary Sulcus 2. Heart Wall Muscle 3. Oxygen and Nutrients
113
The coronary arteries are the ONLY branches given off by the ________, just SUPERIOR to the _________.
1. Ascending Aorta | 2. Aortic Semilunar Valve
114
What does the RIGHT Coronary Artery branch into, and what do these branches supply respectively?
1. Right Marginal Artery: Supplies Right Border of the Heart | 2. Posterior Inter-Ventricular Artery: Supplies Posterior surface of the left and right ventricles
115
What does the LEFT Coronary Artery branch into, and what do these branches supply respectively?
1. Circumflex Artery: Supplies Left Atrium and Ventricle 2. Anterior Inter-Ventricular Artery: Supplies Anterior surface of the left and right ventricles AND most of the inter-ventricular septum
116
What is the Anterior Inter-Ventricular Artery also called?
The Left Anterior Descending Artery
117
Venous return of blood FROM the heart wall muscle occurs through three major coronary veins: (and where do each of these veins run)
1. Great Cardiac Vein: Runs alongside the Anterior Inter-Ventricular Artery 2. Middle Cardiac Vein: Runs alongside the Posterior Inter-Ventricular Artery 3. Small Cardiac Vein: Travels close to the Marginal artery
118
The 3 major coronary veins all drain into the _______ which drains into the _________.
1. Coronary Sinus | 2. Right Atrium
119
Cardiac muscle fibers contract as _______ because they are all connected with _________ called _______.
1. A single unit 2. Low resistance cell-to-cell junctions 3. Gap Junctions
120
Gap junctions comprise the _______ shared by adjacent _______. Therefore, an electrical impulse is distributed __________ throughout the myocardium.
1. Intercalated discs 2. Cardiac muscle fibers 3. Immediately and spontaneously
121
Intercalated discs that connect Cardiac muscle cells are composed of both _____ and _____.
1. Gap Junctions | 2. Desmosomes
122
The heart exhibits Autorhythmicity, meaning that _________________.
1. It is capable of initiating its own heartbeat INDEPENDENT of external nerves
123
The electrical impulse that initiates the heartbeat comes from __________ cells called the __________.
1. Specialized cardiac muscle | 2. Sinoatrial (SA) Node or the pacemaker
124
The SA node is located on the __________ adjacent to the _________.
1. Posterior wall of the right atrium | 2. Opening of the superior vena cava
125
Impulses from the SA node travel via ________ to the _______ and the ________, which is located in the _________.
1. Gap junctions 2. Left atrium 3. Atrioventricular (AV) Node 4. Floor of the right atrium
126
The impulse then leaves the AV node into the ____________, which extends into the _________. Once within the septum, the AV bundle divides into ________.
1. Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle (Bundle of His) 2. Inter-ventricular Septum 3. Left and Right bundles
127
The left and right bundles pass the impulse to conduction cells called _________ that begin at the _______, and spread the impulse ______ to _______.
1. Purkinje Fibers 2. Apex of the heart 3. Superiorly 4. All of the ventricular myocardium
128
List the 5 steps of the Conduction Pathway of the Heart:
1. Muscle Impulse is generated at the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and to the AV node through the Internodal Pathway 2. AV Node cells delay the muscle impulse as it passes to the AV Bundle (Bundle of His) 3. The AV Bundle conducts the impulse into the Interventricular Septum 4. Within the septum, the AV Bundle splits into the Left and Right bundles 5. The muscle impulse is delivered to Purkinje fibers in each ventricle and distributed throughout the ventricular myocardium
129
The anatomical components of both sympathetic AND parasympathetic innervation of the heart make up the ________. This innervation is only capable of ___________ the rate of the heartbeat.
1. Cardiac Plexus | 2. Increasing or Decreasing
130
The ______ center sends impulses along _______ nerves, which results in an increase in rate and force of contraction of the heart.
1. Cardioacceleratory | 2. Sympathetic
131
The ______ center sends impulses along ______ nerves, which results in a decrease in heart rate only.
1. Cardioinhibitory | 2. Vagus
132
SYMPATHETIC innervation of the heart starts with neurons located in _______ segments of the spinal cord, whose pre-ganglionic axons enter the ________ and synapse on ______. Then, post-ganglionic axons project to the heart via _________ where they increase the rate and force of contraction.
1. T1-T5 2. Sympathetic Trunk 3. Ganglionic Neurons in all 3 Cervical Ganglia 4. Cardiac Nerves
133
PARASYMPATHETIC innervation starts with neurons in the _________ via the _________, where they synapse with __________ and result in decreased rate of contraction.
1. Medulla oblongata 2. Left and Right vagus nerves (CN X) 3. Ganglionic neurons near or on the heart
134
The Cardiac Cycle is defined as _____________.
The time interval from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next
135
Contraction of a chamber is called ______, while relaxation of a chamber is called _______.
1. Systole (Emptying) | 2. Diastole (Filling)
136
List the 5 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle:
1. Atrial Systole 2. Early Ventricular Systole 3. Late Ventricular Systole 4. Early Ventricular Diastole 5. Late Ventricular Diastole
137
List the 3 main classes of blood vessels:
- Arteries - Veins - Capillaries
138
Both arteries and veins have 3 layers called ______, which in order from INNER to OUTER are:
1. Tunics 2. Inner to Outer: - Tunica Intima - Tunica Media - Tunica Externa
139
Describe the Tunica Intima:
Composed of an endothelium (simple squamous epithelium lining the blood vessel lumen) and a sub-endothelial layer of areolar connective tissue
140
Describe the Tunica Media: (and the effects of sympathetic versus parasympathetic input on it)
Composed of circularly arranged smooth muscle SYMPATHETIC input causes this smooth muscle to contract, resulting in vasoconstriction PARASYMPATHETIC input causes this smooth muscle to relax, resulting in vasodilation
141
Describe the Tunica Externa:
Composed of connective tissue that helps anchor the blood vessel to an organ
142
Large arteries are supplied by smaller arteries called ________, which run ________.
1. Vasa Vasorum | 2. Through the Tunica Externa
143
On either side of the Tunica Media in Muscular Arteries are the ______ and _______.
Internal and External Elastic Lamina
144
What are the thickest tunics in the arteries and veins respectively?
Artery: Tunica Media Vein: Tunica Externa
145
Contrast the Cross-Sectional shape of arteries and veins:
Artery: Retains a circular cross-sectional shape Vein: Cross-section tends to flatten (collapse) if blood is absent from the vein
146
Arteries have more ____ and _____ than veins, however veins possess ______ which arteries do not.
1. Elastic and Collagen Fibers | 2. Valves
147
Systemic arteries transport blood _____ in O2, and Pulmonary arteries transport blood ____ in O2, while the opposite is true in both cases of veins.
1. High | 2. Low
148
Describe Elastic Arteries:
- Largest Arteries - Many elastic fibers throughout tunics media - Endure great stretch from blood ejected from heart - Branch into muscular arteries
149
Describe Muscular Arteries:
- Medium Sized Arteries - Possess Internal/External Elastic Lamina: Which are TWO concentric rings of elastic fibers that separate the tunics - Proportionally thicker tunica media
150
Describe Arterioles: (include sympathetic versus parasympathetic effects on tunica media)
- Smallest Arteries - Have less than 6 cell layers of smooth muscle in their tunica media - Sympathetic: Vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure - Parasympathetic: Vasodilation to decrease blood pressure
151
The capillary wall consists of ________. They are unique in that they are the only vessels which can _________.
1. Solely the Tunica Intima (single layer of endothelial cells) 2. Mediate metabolic exchange between blood and tissues
152
Each capillary bed is supplied by a ________, and are connected to ______ via _______.
1. Metarteriole 2. Post-capillary Venules 3. Thoroughfare Channels * Essentially the Metarteriole becomes the Channel*
153
Define True Capillaries:
Branches from the Metarteriole that begin with a ring of smooth muscle on their walls
154
Perfusion of a capillary bed can be regulated via __________ that can contract to occlude blood flow.
Pre-capillary sphincters
155
List the 3 types of Capillaries:
- Continuous - Fenestrated - Sinusoids
156
Describe Continuous Capillaries:
- Most Common | - Endothelial cells form a continuous and complete lining aided by presence of TIGHT JUNCTIONS
157
Describe Fenestrated Capillaries:
- Contain pores called fenestrations that allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid - Basement membrane remains intact
158
Describe Sinusoids:
- Have large gaps between endothelial cells that allow transport of large molecules and cells to and from the blood - Basement membrane is discontinuous or absent
159
At rest, veins hold about _______% of the body's blood, functioning as _________.
1. 60% | 2. Blood Reservoirs
160
_______ are the smallest veins, the smallest of which are the _______.
1. Venules | 2. Post-capillary Venules
161
_____ occurs through the walls of the postcapillary venules
Diapedesis (passage of blood cells from vessel to tissue)
162
Veins contain ______ to prevent _______, due to ______. These structures are formed from the ______.
1. Valves 2. Pooling of blood 3. The low blood pressure of veins 4. Tunica Intima
163
Describe the Skeletal Muscle Pump:
Skeletal muscles contract to help propel venous blood forward since it has lower blood pressure exerted on it
164
Describe the effects of inhalation in the Respiratory Pump:
Inhalation: (INCREASES venous return) - Increases blood flow into thoracic veins - Decreases intra-thoracic pressure - Causes diaphragm contraction - Increases intra-abdominal pressure - Compressing vessels, causing blood to move superiorly
165
Describe the effects of exhalation in the Respiratory Pump:
Exhalation: (DECREASES venous return) - Increases blood flow into heart and abdominal veins - Increases intra-thoracic pressure - Causes diaphragm relaxation - Decreases intra-abdominal pressure - Releases compression
166
Define Blood Pressure: (what is it measured with)
1. The force per unit area that blood places on the inside of a blood vessel 2. Measured using a Sphygmomanometer
167
Define Systolic Blood Pressure:
Blood pressure during VENTRICULAR systole
168
Define Diastolic Blood Pressure:
Blood pressure during VENTRICULAR diastole
169
Blood pressure is _____ until it reaches the capillaries. It also ________ from the Aorta to the Vena Cavae.
1. Pulsatile | 2. Decreases
170
The Respiratory System is anatomically divided into _______ and _______, but functionally divided into _______ and _______.
1. Upper 2. Lower - --------------- 3. Conducting Portion 4. Respiratory Portion
171
The Upper respiratory tract consists of:
- -->Paranasal Sinuses: - Sphenoidal Sinus - Frontal Sinus - -->Nose and Nasal cavity - -->Pharynx
172
The Lower respiratory tract consists of:
- Bronchi - Trachea - Larynx - Lungs
173
The main function of the respiratory system is _____, which involves ____ and ______.
1. Ventilation (breathing) 2. Inhalation 3. Exhalation
174
List 4 other functions of the Respiratory System:
- Gas Conditioning - Sound Production - Olfaction - Defense
175
The main conducting airway for inhaled air is the _____, which is supported by _______ superiorly that form the ________.
1. Nose 2. Nasal Bones 3. Bridge of the Nose
176
The nose is supported _________ from the bridge by the fleshy, cartilaginous _______.
1. Anteroinferiorly | 2. Dorsum Nasi
177
The nasal cavity begins as the _______ and ends as the _______, and the nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the ______.
1. Internal component of the nose 2. Choanae: Openings to the nasopharynx 3. Nasal Septum
178
The ____, ____, and ____ form the lateral wall for each cavity (both right and left) and serve the function of ____________.
1. Superior, Middle, and Inferior Nasal Conchae | 2. Conditioning the air within the nasal cavity
179
The Nasal Cavity consists of the:
1. Superior, Middle, and Inferior Conchae 2. Superior, Middle, and Inferior Meatus 3. Vestibule 4. Choanae
180
The Pharynx consists of the:
1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharnyx
181
The Larynx consists of the:
1. Epiglottis 2. Thyroid Cartilage 3. Cricoid Cartilage
182
Define Paranasal Sinuses: (then list the 4)
Paired air spaces that make bones lighter in weight and are named after the bones in which they reside 1. Sphenoidal Sinus 2. Frontal Sinus 3. Ethmoidal 4. Maxillary
183
The _____ is shared by the respiratory AND digestive tracts.
1. Pharynx | 2. Digestive
184
The Nasopharynx is continuous with the ______ and superior to the ______. It is lined with _______________. In its lateral walls are the openings of the ________. Its posterior wall houses a single ________.
1. Nasal Cavity 2. Soft Palate 3. Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium 4. Auditory Tubes 5. Pharyngeal Tonsil (Adenoids)
185
The Oropharynx begins at the level of the __________ and ends at the level of the _______. It is lined with ____________. The opening of the oral cavity INTO the oropharynx is the _______, which is defined by ___________. Between these arches, also embedded in the wall, are the _______, while the _______ are at the base of the tongue.
1. Soft Palate 2. Hyoid Bone 3. Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium 4. Fauces 5. Two pair of muscular arches on its lateral walls 6. Palatine tonsils 7. Lingual Tonsils
186
The Laryngopharynx begins __________ and is continuous with the ______ and ______. It is lined with __________.
1. Inferior to the hyoid bone 2. Larynx 3. Esophagus 4. Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
187
While the Nasopharynx only _______, the other two portions of the pharynx ALSO _________.
1. Conducts air | 2. Serve as passageways for food and drinks
188
The conducting portion of the Lower respiratory tract consists of the:
- Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi and Bronchioles
189
The respiratory portion of the Lower respiratory tract consists of the:
- Respiratory bronchioles - Alveolar ducts - Alveoli
190
The ______ are the smallest conducting airways of the respiratory system.
Respiratory bronchioles
191
The _____ connects the Larynx to the Bronchi, while the _____ connects the Pharynx to the Trachea.
1. Trachea | 2. Larynx
192
The Larynx is also called the _______ ,and its functions include: (5)
1. Voice Box 2. Functions: - Passageway for air - Prevents ingested materials from entering respiratory tract - Produces sound for speech - Participates in sneeze and cough reflexes - Assists in increasing pressure in the abdominal cavity
193
The Larynx is supported by _________, held in place by _______. Also unique to its structure is that the Larynx has no _______.
1. A framework of nine cartilages 2. Ligaments and muscles 3. Posterior Wall
194
The 3 single cartilages of the Larynx are the ______, ____, and ______, with the biggest being the ______.
1. Epiglottis 2. Thyroid----->Biggest 3. Cricoid
195
The 6 paired cartilages of the Larynx are the ______, ______, and ______. They play an important role in _________.
1. Arytenoid 2. Corniculate 3. Cuneiform 4. Sound Production
196
The V-shaped anterior projection of the Larynx is called the _______, or the _______, and it's usually larger in males than females due to ______.
1. Laryngeal Prominence 2. "Adam's Apple" 3. Testosterone-induced growth
197
The ______ cartilage of the larynx is ring-shaped, while the ______ cartilage is spoon-shaped and projects superiorly into the ______.
1. Cricoid 2. Epiglottis 3. Pharynx
198
Swallowing causes the _____ to _______.
1. Epiglottis | 2. Close the opening to the Larynx
199
________ folds are found in the larynx and are comprised of ______ covered by a ________. The opening between them is called the ________.
1. Vocal 2. Vocal ligaments 3. Mucous membrane 4. Rima Glottidis
200
Together, the vocal folds and the Rima Glottidis are known as the ________. Sound is produced when ________, causing __________.
1. Glottis 2. Air is forced through the Rima Glottidis 3. Vibration of the vocal folds
201
The _____ is referred to as the wind-pipe, and it is located _____, _____, and ______. It is supported by C-shaped _______ which are connected by ________.
1. Trachea 2. Located - Anterior to the Esophagus - Inferior to the Larynx - Superior to the Main Bronchi 3. Tracheal Cartilages 4. Annular Ligaments
202
Posteriorly, the ends of the tracheal cartilages are connected by ________, and the mucosa is lined with __________ and _______ MUCIN-secreting _______.
1. Trachealis Muscle 2. Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium 3. Goblet cells
203
The mucosa of the trachea consists, from inner to outer, of what three components? And what layer is directly outward of the mucosa?
1. Inner to Outer: - Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium - Basement membrane - Lamina Propria 2. The Sub-Mucosa
204
The Bronchial Tree is a _____ system of _______, that originate from the ____, progressing through smaller passageways and ending at the _____.
1. Highly branched 2. Conducting passages 3. Main bronchi 4. Terminal bronchioles
205
The TRACHES branches into the _______ divide into _____, which divide into ______, which divide into ______.
1. Main Bronchi 2. LOBAR Bronchi 3. Segmental Bronchi 4. Smaller Bronchi
206
As Bronchi branch and become smaller, they exhibit ______ and ______.
1. Smaller rings of incomplete cartilage | 2. Less numerous rings of incomplete cartilage
207
ALL bronchi are lined with __________, however they eventually branch into bronchioles which _________ and are lined with ________.
1. Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium 2. Lack rings of cartilage 3. Simple columnar/Simple squamous epithelium
208
Bronchiole walls are composed of _____________, which allows them to carry out _____ and _______. They eventually branch into _______ which are the last component of the conduction portion of the respiratory system.
1. A relatively thick layer of smooth muscle 2. Broncho-constriction (contracting) 3. Broncho-dilation (relaxing) 4. Terminal bronchioles
209
Terminal bronchioles branch into _________, which branch into _______, which end with small saccular out-pocketings called ________.
1. Respiratory bronchioles 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Alveoli
210
The _______ is the site where respiratory gases ________.
1. Thin wall of the Alveolus | 2. Diffuse between the blood and the air in the lungs
211
Describe the 2 types of cells that form the Alveolar Wall:
- Alveolar Type 1 Cells: Simple squamous epithelial cells that promote rapid diffusion of gases - Alveolar Type 2 Cells: Almost cuboidal in shape, and produce Pulmonary Surfactant
212
What is the function of Pulmonary Surfactant?
To decrease surface tension within the alveolus and prevent collapse of the alveoli
213
_________, also called "dust cells", may be either _____ or _____ and they act by _________.
1. Alveolar Macrophages 2. Fixed 3. Free 4. Engulfing any microorganism or particulate matter that makes its way into the alveolus
214
The ___________ is the diffusion barrier across which respiratory gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the alveoli. It consists of the following: (3)
1. Respiratory Membrane 2. Consists of: – Plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell – Plasma membrane of the capillary cell – Fused basement membrane of both cells
215
The lungs are located in the _______, which are located ________ and are separated by _______.
1. Pleural Cavities 2. The lateral sides of the Thorax 3. The Mediastinum
216
The pleural cavities, and the outer surface of the lung, are lined with a ______ called ______.
1. Serous membrane | 2. Pleura
217
The 2 types of pleura are the inner ______, which tightly adheres to the ________, and the outer ______, which lines the ________. These two membranes are ______, and the space between them is called the _______.
1. Visceral Pleura 2. Lung 3. Parietal Pleura 4. Pleural Cavity 5. Continuous with each other 6. Pleural Cavity
218
Each lung is _____ in shape, has a(n) ____ inferiorly that rests on the _____, and a(n) ______ that is its superior most portion.
1. Conical 2. Base 3. Diaphragm 4. Apex
219
The apex of the lung projects just slightly superior and posterior to the ________, while the ______ comes in contact with the ribs, and the slightly concave _______ faces medially toward the mediastinum.
1. Clavicle 2. Costal Surface 3. Mediastinal Surface
220
The mediastinal surface of the lung houses a concave region called the _______, which consists of the: (4) These structures are termed the _____ of the lung.
1. Hilum: - Pulmonary Vessels - Lymphatic Vessels - Main Bronchus - Nerves 2. Root
221
The ____ lung is slightly smaller because the heart projects into it more and leaves a medial indentation known as the ________. The left lung also has an anterior indented region known as the _______. The _______ divides the left lung into a superior and inferior lobe. It also possesses an inferior region known as the ______.
1. Left 2. Cardiac Impression 3. Cardiac Notch 4. Oblique Fissure 5. Lingula
222
The right lung has a ______ and _______ which divide the lung into three lobes.
1. Oblique Fissure | 2. Horizontal Fissure
223
How many broncho-pulmonary segments are in each lung?
Left: 8-10 Right: 10
224
Each broncho-pulmonary segment is supplied with its own ______ and a ______. Each segment is surrounded by and isolated from other segments by _______.
1. Tertiary bronchus 2. Branch of a pulmonary artery and vein 3. Connective tissue
225
The pulmonary circulation conducts blood to and from the _______________, while the bronchial circulation is a component of the systemic circulation that delivers blood directly to and from the __________.
1. Gas exchange surfaces of the lungs | 2. Bronchi and bronchioles
226
List the order of lymph flow in the lymph nodes and vessels around the bronchi and pleura:
1. Pulmonary Lymph Nodes 2. Broncho-pulmonary Lymph Nodes 3. Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes 4. L/R Bronchomediastinal Trunks
227
Define Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing):
The movement of air into and out of the respiratory system
228
Define Boyle's Law and explain how it relates to ventilation:
1. Boyle's Law: At a constant temperature, Volume and Pressure have an inverse relationship 2. During inhalation, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, which causes intrapulmonary pressure to decrease and allow air to flow into the lungs. The opposite occurs during exhalation.
229
The various skeletal muscles involved with breathing are classified as muscles of ______, ______, or _______. These skeletal muscles include: (10)
1. Muscles Of: - Quiet Breathing - Forced Inhalation - Forced Exhalation 2. Muscles Include: - Diaphragm - Internal Intercostals - External Intercostals - Sternocleidomastoid - Scalenes - Pectoralis Minor - Erector Spinae - Abdominal Muscles - Transversus Thoracis - Serratus Posterior Inferior
230
During inhalation and exhalation, the thoracic cavity changes in all three dimensions: • Vertical changes result from _________ • Lateral changes result from _________ • Anterior-posterior changes occur as the __________
1. Diaphragm movement 2. Rib cage elevation or depression 3. Sternum moves anteriorly or posteriorly
231
The _____, _____, and _____ are under Autonomic control, due to the fact that __________. Sympathetic stimulation results in ________, and Parasympathetic stimulation results in ________.
1. Larynx 2. Trachea 3. Bronchial Tree 4. Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers FORM the pulmonary plexus 5. Broncho-dilation 6. Broncho-constriction
Anatomy 165
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