Ichthyology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a fish?

A

-an aquatic vertebrate with gills and with limbs in the shape of fins

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2
Q

There are _____ living species of fishes, ______ families, and _____ order

A
  • 25,000
  • 482
  • 57
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3
Q

There are ___ jawless fish, _____ cartilaginous, and _______ bony fish

A
  • 85
  • 850
  • 23,000
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4
Q

Bony fish make up about _____% of fish species

A

-90

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5
Q

____% of modern fishes are marine, ___% of fishes are freshwater, and ___% are both

A
  • 58
  • 41
  • 1
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6
Q

What are some properties of water that influence fish functional design?

A
  • Density
  • Transparency
  • Low compressibility
  • Properties as a solvent
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7
Q

Water is _____ times denser than air

A

-800

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8
Q

Light rarely goes over ____ meters deep

A

-100

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9
Q

Evolutionary history of fish goes back ___ mya

A

-450

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10
Q

Apomorphy

A

derived character

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11
Q

Fishes are not a natural group unless ____ are included

A

tetrapods

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12
Q

What led to craniates?

A

-development of internal skeleton and bony external skeleton

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13
Q

____ is an early relative of amphioxis

A

Pikaia

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14
Q

Characteristics of ostracoderms

A
  • Armored head
  • Jawless
  • body with narrow scales
  • no internal skeleton
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15
Q

Dermal skeleton

A

-always bony and includes teeth

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16
Q

Endoskeleton

A
  • sometimes cartilaginous

- bone is formed around or in cartilage

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17
Q

Why might a fish evolve bone

A
  • maybe preventing leaks

- maybe for storage for calcium, phosphate, and carbonate

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18
Q

what is the optimal shape for a fish for the flow of water while swimming

A

-teardrop shape, max diameter 1/3 to 1/2 back from nose and length of 4-5

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19
Q

What is an important evolutionary trend among the jawed fishes

A

evolution of jaw protrusion

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20
Q

Characterisitcs of lampreys

A
  • Jawless, with teeth arranged in radiating rows
  • 2 dorsal fins
  • no paired fins
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21
Q

Gnasthostomes

A

-jawed fishes

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22
Q

Evolution of jaws allowed for :

A
  • better predation

- also required better predator avoidance

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23
Q

Important features of the gnasthosomes

A
  • Evolved with paired fins and internal skeleton and muscles to allow movement
  • Added 3rd semicircular canal in ear
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24
Q

Jawless fish have:

A

inner and outer gill arches

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25
-Sharks jaw evolution:
- inner arches from jaws and hyoid arch | - outer arches form labial and extrabranchial cartilages
26
Bony fish jaws:
-ony inner arches present
27
Characteristics of placoderms
- powerful jaws and head encased in bones | - Most have a bony joint between head and body armor (unique)
28
Characteristics of sharks and relatives
- Placoid scales - internal fertilization - calcified skeleton
29
Sarcopterygians (lobe finned fishes)
- hinged intracranial joint - single bone attached to shoulder/hip joint - Living fish include lungfishes and tetrapods
30
Sarcopterygians includes ___ which is believed to be the transition from fish to terrestrial vertebrates
-tiktaalik
31
Acanthodians characteristics
- Highly developed fins with bristled spines - have paired lamellae on each gill - has 3 pairs of otoliths
32
Familes in the gnathostomes (jawed craniates)
- Placoderm - Chondrichtiyass - Sarcopterygiass - Acanthodians
33
Actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes)
-fins are supported by rays rather than skeletal extensions
34
Actinopterygians include:
- Cladista (birches and reedfishes) - Chondrostei (sturgeons and paddlefishes) - Neopterygii (gars, bowfins, teleosts)
35
Some characteristics of rayfinned fishes (actinopterygians)
- Flexible rays | - Spines in advanced teleosts
36
What features are shared between cladista and chondrostei
- Spiracles | - Maxillary united to skull
37
What features are shared between cladista, chondrostei, AND sarcopterygii
- Spiral valve intestine - Paired lung - Heterocercal tail
38
Characterists/features of chondrostei (paddlefishes and sturgeons):
- heterocercal tail - Spiracles - broad-based fins - scondary cartilaginous skeleton
39
Characteristics of sturgeon
- Marine anadromous and freshwater - among the largest freshwater fish in the world - Source of cavier which leads to overexploitation
40
Neopterygii
gars, bowfins, teleosts
41
Characteristics of gars (holostei)
- abbreviate heterocercal tail - ganoid scales - can breathe air
42
Characteristics of bowfin
- median gular plate - greatly elongate dorsal - elasmoid-like scales
43
Heterocercal tail
a tail in which the tip of the vertebral column turns upward, extending into the dorsal lobe of the tail fin
44
What is the main group of fish that dominate the word?
-Teleosti -> End Bone
45
Groups of fishes in the Teleosti-->End-Bone
- Osteoglossomorpha - Elopomorpha - Clupeomorpha - Ostariophysi
46
Elopomorpha
- Eels, tarpons, bonefishes | - Diverse group, united by the presense of leptocephalus larvae
47
Characteristic of ostariophysi (catfish, minnows)
- Weberian apparatus - 1/4th of all fish - 2nd most important fish group
48
What is the weberian apparatus
-modified anterior vertebrae to enhance hearing sensitivity
49
Where do minnows occur? | Where do minnows not occur?
- The occur in North America, Africa, and Eurasia | - They are absent in South America, and Australia
50
What improvements make the teleosti group so successful?
- Respiration - Feeding - Buoyancy - Swimming
51
General info on the siluriformes
- Catfish family - Over 50 families, both freshwater and marine - Only 2 familes in the US
52
What 2 catfish families are in the US
- Ictaluridae(FW) | - Aridae (marine)
53
Armoured catfish info
- OVer 70 genera - 700 species - Neotropics
54
Protacanthopterygii
- Salmon, trouts, white fishes, pikes | - "original spiny fishes"
55
Salmoniformes characteristics
- Salmons, trouts, whitefishes - Many have adipose fin - Pelvics abdominal - cycloid scales - swimbladder connected to gut
56
Paracanthopterygii
- troutperches, codfishes, frogfishes | - Mostly benthic and nocturnal
57
Key innovations in Acanthopterygii
- Jaw protrusion maximal | - Pharyngeal dentition advanced
58
Typical Percomorph body plan
- Ctenoid scales - Protractile premaxilla - Physoclistous swimbladder - Pelvic fins thoracic
59
Percamorpha include:
bluegills to tuna
60
What are the fish zoogeographic regions
- African - Neotropical - Oriental - Palaearctic - Nearctic - Australian
61
African zoogeographic region
- 95% of fish are FW dispersants | - Dominated by minnows, characoids, catfishes, cichlids
62
Lungfishes are an example of:
- Archaic fish distribution - Dispersed in SA, Africa, and AUS - Beleived to be due to the split up of Pangea
63
Neotropical zoogeographic region
- Dominated by characoids, catfishes, gymnotids, cichlids - NO minnows - 38% FW disp
64
Oriental zoogeographic region
-Dominated by minnows, catfishes
65
Palaearctic zoogeographic region
- 420 species - Dominated by minnows and loaches - Anadromous fish dominate the arctic drainages
66
Nearctic zoogeographic region
- 93% FW disp - 6% anadromous - dominated by minnows, perches, suckers, sunfishes
67
Example of holoarctic fish distributions
- Pikes salmons | - Fish that exist in nearctic and palaeactic
68
Australian zoogeographic region
-Dominated by anadromous and marine-derived form s
69
Physostomous swimbladder
- tubular connection to gut - filled with gas by gulping air - primitive teleosts
70
-Physoclistous wimbladder
-no connection to gut, use of internally generated and absorbed gases
71
What type of tail do teleosts have
- Homocercal | - tail base formed of urostyle
72
What makes coral reefs important
- They are diverse and productive - global cycles of oxygen and carbon dioxide - formed by calcium carbonate - dominated by perch like fish
73
Characteristics of kelp forests
- support large carnivorus predators - fast growth rates - help reduce erosion
74
Benthic habitat
-habitat on the bottom of the ocean
75
Pelagic habitat
-habitats off the bottom (regardless of depth)
76
Ocean ecosystems from top to bottom
- Epipelagic - Mesopelagic - Bathypelagic - Abyssal - Hadal
77
How do mesopelagic fishes migrate?
- vertically | - Use fat-filled sim bladder to migrate vertically
Ichthyology
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