Microbiology > Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Experimented w swan-necked flasks to disprove spontaneous generation

A

Pasteur (showed that microbes in air caused growth)

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2
Q

First to develop + use microscope to observe single-celled organsims

A

Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Developed a heating process to destroy unwanted microorganisms in wine and milk

A

Pasteur (Pasteurization, NOT sterilization)

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4
Q

First to recognize anaerobic bacteria occurred in nature

A

Pasteur (discovered while investigating fermentation and yeast)

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5
Q

Discovered a smallpox vaccine procedure using smallpox scab material

A

Jenner (Used cowpox pus to provide immunity)

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6
Q

Established a series of investigative steps called postulates to prove a microbe caused disease

A

Koch (still used today)

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7
Q

Discovered the microbial cause for anthrax disease

A

Pasteur and Koch (Koch proved it with his postulates, but they both played important roles)

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8
Q

Discovered the use of agar for producing a semi-solid cultivation medium

A

Koch (first to use agar)

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9
Q

Which experiments contributed to establishing the germ theory of disease?

A

Koch’s postulates (first concrete proof)

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10
Q

The reason that one must transfer bacterial growth to new slants periodically is based upon the fact that…

A

The organisms will die if not transferred periodically (they’ll exhaust nutrients and stuff)

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11
Q

Gram negative bacteria will …

A

lose the primary stain and are colored red

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12
Q

Yeast are … organisms

A

Anaerobic

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13
Q

Virulence

A

Potential for a pathogen to cause harm

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14
Q

Bacteria colony

A

Pure culture

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15
Q

Symbiosis

A

interaction between 2 species

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16
Q

A decomposer is

A

species which metabolizes wastes and dead tissues

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17
Q

Disinfection is a process which involves

A

removal/destruction of disease producers

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18
Q

Fermentation

A

metabolism of food w/out available oxygen (anearobic process where organsims break down carbs for energy)

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19
Q

Sterilization

A

Complete destruction of microbial life forms

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20
Q

Anaerobic refers to what property of an organism?

A

growth requires the absence of air

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21
Q

The cell wall of Gram positive bacteria is composed of (2)

A
  • teichoic acids
  • dense peptidoglycan
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22
Q

The cell wall of Gram negative bacteria is composed of (2)

A
  • loose layers of lipids + lipid-containing molecules
  • peptidoglycan
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23
Q

Brownian movement

A

Where water molecules hit the bacteria, making them “jiggle” rather than swim w intent

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24
Q

The term “protoplast”most nearly applies to a bacteria cell which is

A

without a cell wall

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25
An NH2 is characteristic of all
amino acids (every amino acid has both an amino and carboxyl group)
26
Most probably the bacteria you observe showing true motility in a hanging drop preparation would be (2)
bacilli spirochetes (cocci are almost always nonmotile)
27
The function of the bacterial cell is (3)
- location of enzymes - active transport - selective pereability to molecules
28
Bacterial spores are resting stages which have the properties (3)
- resisting heat - remaining alive for years - resisting radiation + chemicals
29
In the scientific name, Staphylococcus aureus, the genus is
Staphyloccocus
30
In the scientific name, Escherichia coli, the species name is
coli
31
Brownian movement of bacteria is due to
water molecules hitting the bacteria (not the bacteria themselves)
32
The species name should be
following the scientific name
33
Taxonomy
classification system of grouping related organisms
34
Morphology
refers to physical "form" of bacteria (cell shape, size, overall arrangement)
35
Saprophyte
Nature's recycler (decompose all dead organic matter, pretty much) (eats the dead)
36
Fermentation
Not oxygen-requiring (anaerobic process)
37
Parasite
an organism living at the expense of a host (eats the living)
38
The fungi kingdom includes (3)
- molds - yeast - mushrooms
39
Binary fission is (2)
- primary method of asexual reproduction in bacteria - cell division (one cell splitting into two equal ones)
40
Bacteria are categorized into .... practical groups
3 (gram pos, gram neg, and those w/out cell walls)
41
The study of fungi is called
Mycology
42
The chemical nature of the viral capsid is
Protein
43
The envelope is found on virsuses which infect
Animals
44
The term nucleocapsid refers to the association of
Capsid surround nucleic acid (neucleocapsid = basic "unit" of virus; nucleic acid inside protein capsid)
45
The innermost structure of a virus is?
Nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA)
46
Of the layers found in some viuses, the outmerost of the 3 layers is
The envelope
47
The chemistry of the viral envelope is
Phospholipid
48
The main criterion for classifying viruses is
types of nucleic acid molecule (whether they contain DNA/RNA or if it's single/double stranded)
49
Nutrient broth is a combination of water and...
meat (beef extract) and peptones
50
A contaminated culture can be proven to be contaminated best by doing a/an
isolation streak
51
T-phage, replication cycle in E. coli consist of which 3 phases
initiation (making contact), penetration (using host), assembly (building new parts)
52
What occurs in the initiation phase of T-phage replication in E. coli?
Virus absorbs to host surface (Attatchment phase where fibers bind to receptor site)
53
In the T-phage replication, early proteins are responsible for?
Destroying host's DNA
54
The T-phages leave the host cell by
lysing the cell
55
The penetration stage of T-phage replication involves
Insertion of genome into the cell (It injects its own DNA into host)
56
The plaque refers to
A clear area in the "lawn" of bacteria (visible "hole" in agar plate where single virus infected/killed a bunch of bacterial cells)
57
The cell wall of Gram neg bacteria conains more .... that Gram pos bacteria
Lipids
58
Fungal spores are
- means of reproduction - produced in very large numbers - a hard coated cell
59
The genus name should be
Capitalized
60
Sort organisms from least to most complicated
1 - virus 2 - Rickettsia 3 - Bacteria 4 - Protozoa (eukaryotes) 5 - Molds
61
Swamp muds, leaves, decaying materials produce life (what theory does this fit, if any?
Spontaneous generation theory
62
Maggots arise from dead meat
Spontaneous generation theory
63
Living organisms produce offspring like themselves (What theory, if any?)
Biogenesis theory
64
Living organisms abide by physical and chemical operating rules (what theory, if any?)
In both biogenesis and spontaneous generation theories (regardless of how life started, both sides agree that an existing organism follows the laws of chemistry and physics)
65
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: DNA on chromosomes
Eukaryotic
66
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: Single circular DNA
Prokaryotic
67
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane
Eukaryotic
68
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: involved in mitosis
Eukaryotic
69
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: involved in binary fission only
Prokaryotic
70
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: Involved in meiosis
Eukaryotic
71
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: has no nuclear membrane
Prokaryotic
72
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: Has a nucleolus
Eukaryotic
73
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: Contains essential genes for organism
Both
74
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: pili
Prokaryotic
75
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: Flagellum
Both
76
Eukaryotic and/or prokaryotic: Cilia
Eukaryotic
77
Taxonomy
System of classifying organisms
78
Morphology
Form of an organism
79
Motility
Movement of a cell
80
Binary fission
Division of a cell into two
81
Binomial
Scientific name
82
Lysogenic phages (5)
- transduces host genes - is temperate - produces repressors so replication does not occur in host - causes toxin production by some bacteria - UV light on host induces viral replication
83
Lytic phages (2)
- not known to transduce host genes - replicates immediately after penetration
84
In both lysogenic and lytic phages... (4)
- cell is destroyed to release phage - absorb to specific receptors on host wall - causes change on host cell surface - has DNA genome
85
Do phages have a protein genome?
No, they have a DNA genome
86
Phage
attacks bacteria
87
Phage-typing
Used to determine types of virus receptors on bacterial cell wall
88
Nucleocapsid
Protein associated with genome
Microbiology
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