Acute > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What is TLC in lung volumes?

A

6L. Total volume of O2 in lungs

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2
Q

What is TV in lung volumes?

A

500mL. Air inhaled/exhaled during normal breathing

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3
Q

What is VC in lung volumes?

A

4.8L. Air that can be forcefully exhaled

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4
Q

What is RV in lung volumes?

A

1.2L. Air remaining after forceful exhalation

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5
Q

What is FRC in lung volumes?

A

2.4L. Air remaining after normal exhalation

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6
Q

What is ERV in lung volumes?

A

1.2L. Additional air that can be exhaled after normal exhalation

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7
Q

What is IRV in lung volumes?

A

3.1L. Air inhaled after normal inhalation

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8
Q

What happens when CO2 levels increase?

A

Increased exhalation

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9
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the alveoli

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10
Q

What are the 3 phases of a cough?

A

Inspiration → Close glottis (trap air) → Forceful exhalation with glottis opening

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11
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Flow of air into and out of the alveoli

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12
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Flow of blood to alveolar capillaries

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13
Q

What is shunt (reduced V)?

A

Blood but no air

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14
Q

What is dead space (reduced Q)?

A

Air but no blood

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15
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Muscular layer of the heart wall; thicker in ventricles

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16
Q

What is the mnemonic for valve blood flow?

A

Try Pulling My Aorta (Tricuspid → Pulmonary → Mitral → Aorta)

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17
Q

Which valves produce the ‘lub’ sound?

A

Tricuspid and Mitral (first sound)

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18
Q

Which valves produce the ‘dub’ sound?

A

Pulmonary and Aortic (second sound)

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19
Q

What is the order of electrical conduction in the heart?

A

SA node → AV node → Purkinje fibres

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20
Q

What are the 3 main coronary arteries?

A

Right Coronary Artery, Left Anterior Descending Artery, Circumflex

RCA, LADA, Circumflex

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21
Q

Normal PaO2 range?

A

80–100 mmHg

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22
Q

Normal SaO2 range?

A

95–100%

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23
Q

Definition of hypoxaemia?

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A

Low level of O2 in blood

24
Q

Definition of hypoxia?

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A

Low level of O2 in tissues available for cell metabolism

25
Normal pH range?
7.35–7.45
26
Normal PaCO2 range?
35–45 mmHg
27
Normal HCO3- range?
22–26 mmol/L
28
What is ARDS?
Non-cardiac pulmonary oedema impacting oxygenation, triggered by pneumonia, sepsis, trauma
29
ARDS severity: Mild (PaO2/FiO2)?
200–300; Mortality 27%
30
ARDS severity: Moderate (PaO2/FiO2)?
100–200; Mortality 32%
31
ARDS severity: Severe (PaO2/FiO2)?
<100; Mortality 45%
32
How to calculate PaO2/FiO2 ratio?
Divide PaO2 by FiO2
33
Normal PaO2/FiO2 ratio?
400–500
34
What is FiO2 on room air?
0.21 (21%)
35
What is dyspnoea?
Shortness of breath; symptom not disease
36
When is sputum abnormal?
>20–30 mL, thick, dark colour (indicates worse condition)
37
Normal respiratory rate?
12–20 breaths per minute
38
Normal heart rate?
60–100 bpm
39
Normal body temperature?
36.5–37.2 °C
40
Normal BP?
120/80 mmHg
41
Normal SpO2?
0.95
42
Difference between stable and unstable angina?
Stable relieved by rest/nitroglycerin; Unstable not relieved
43
NSTEMI vs STEMI?
NSTEMI = partial blockage; STEMI = full blockage
44
Heart failure with reduced EF (HFrEF)?
LV cannot contract normally → systolic failure
45
Heart failure with preserved EF (HFpEF)?
LV stiff, impaired filling → diastolic failure
46
Left vs Right heart failure?
Left → pulmonary oedema; Right → consequence of left failure, fluid backs into systemic circulation
47
Main cause of COPD?
Smoking
48
Restrictive lung disease cause?
Unknown
49
Obstructive disease hallmark?
Difficulty getting air out (e.g., COPD)
50
Restrictive disease hallmark?
Difficulty getting air in (e.g., ILD)
51
Types of COPD?
Emphysema (alveolar destruction), Chronic bronchitis (airway inflammation/narrowing)
52
Classic features of COPD?
Sputum, barrel chest, accessory muscle use, abnormal breath sounds, O2 desaturation, hyperinflation on CXR, reduced exercise capacity
53
What is pleural effusion?
Fluid in lungs
54
What is tension pneumothorax?
Air in pleural space
55
What is consolidation?
Filling of alveoli with fluid
56
What does RIPE stand for in CXR?
Rotation, Inspiration, Projection, Exposure
57
What does DRS ABCDE stand for in CXR?
Details, RIPE, Soft tissues/bones, Airway, Breathing, Cardiac, Diaphragm, Extras
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