What is a PPC
Postoperative Pulmonary Complications
e.g infection, atelectasis
What abdominal surgeries tend to have less complications
Lower abdominal surgeries as the incision is further away from the respiratory system
What are some post op factors for developing PPCs
Sedation/fatigue
Pain on deep breathing and coughing
Diaphragm dysfunction due to position and reflex inhibition
Immobility/attachments
Position in bed
What are the 5 effects and 5 consequences of surgery on the cardiorespiratory system (these are all the effects and consequences that are found in surgical factors ie anaesthesia, pain from surgical incision, supine positioning, immobility)
Effects
Decreased respiratory drive
Shallow Breathing
Decreased Cough effectiveness
Decreased Mucociliary clearance
Decreased Lung Volumes (Decreased FRC)
Consequences
Secretion retention
Atelectasis
V/Q mismatch
Increase infection risk
Increase WOB/Tachypnoea
What are the effects and consequences of anaesthesia
Effects
Decreased respiratory drive
Decreased Cough effectiveness
Decreased MCC
Decreased Lung Volumes (Decreased FRC)
Consequences
Secretion retention
Atelectasis
V/Q mismatch
What are the effects and consequences of pain from surgical incision
Effects
Shallow Breathing
Decreased Cough effectiveness
Decreased Lung Volumes (Decreased FRC)
Consequences
Secretion retention
Atelectasis
V/Q mismatch
Increase WOB/Tachypnoea
What are the effects and consequences of supine positioning following surgical incision
Effects
Decreased Cough effectiveness
Decreased Mucociliary clearance
Decreased Lung Volumes (Decreased FRC)
Consequences
Secretion retention
Atelectasis
V/Q mismatch
Increase infection risk
Increase WOB/Tachypnoea
What are the effects and consequences of immobility from surgical incision
Effects
Decreased Cough effectiveness
Decreased Mucociliary clearance
Decreased Lung Volumes (Decreased FRC)
Consequences
Secretion retention
Atelectasis
V/Q mismatch
Increase infection risk
Increase WOB/Tachypnoea
What do the following suffix’s mean
Ectomy
Oscopy
Ostomy
Plasty
Otomy
Ectomy - Removal
Oscopy - Visual examination
Ostomy - Opening into
Plasty - Refashioning
Otomy - Cutting into
Whta is a AAA
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
A bulging weak spot in the aorta that may be at risk of rupturing
How big is an AAA
> 3cm diameter
What factors can increase the risk of AAA rupture
Large aneurysm diameter (>5.5cm)
Smoking
Elevated BP
Female
AAA treatment
EVAR (Endovascular Aneurysm Repair) is a stent which places a tube inside the aorta for blood to flow through
What is the difference in roles of the small and large intestine
Small - extracting nutrients from food that has been digested
Large - Processing indigestible food material after food has been absorbed by the small intestine
What is an SBO and LBO in regards to obstructions in the body
Small Bowel Obstruction
Large Bowel Obstruction
Bowel = intestine, not the size of the obstruction
Consequences of bowel obstruction
Ischemia and intestinal necrosis
Perforation (hole develops in digestive tract)
Sepsis (body damages its own tissues in response to infection leading to multi system failure)
What is paralytic ileus
Lack of bowel movement without a structural obstruction. Mechanical impairment of the bowel
What is a hemicolectomy and what is the difference if it was performed on the L or R
Removal of a diseased section of the colon
L - removal of descending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid process
R - removal of ascending colon, transverse colon, caecum and appendix
What is an abdominoperineal resection
Removal of rectum and part of the colon with formation of a colostomy (stoma is created with poo bag/stoma pouch)
What is an anterior resection of the colon
Upper rectum is removed and connected to large bowel
What is a total colectomy
Removal of entire large colon and connecting the ileum (small intestine) to the rectum
What is a ileostomy
Loop ileostomy - brings a loop of ileum to the surface, usually temporary.
End ileostomy - brings the cut end of ileum out as a stoma, usually permanent, with only one opening.
What are each of these four pleural surgeries
Pleurectomy
Decortication
Pleurodesis
Drainage of empyema
Pleurectomy - removal of some of the pleura
Decortication - stripping the pleura off the lung
Pleurodesis - fusing the two layers of pleura together to obliterate the pleural space.
Drainage of empyema - pus in the pleural space
What are each of these 4 lung surgeries
Wedge resection
Segment resection
Lobectomy
Pneumonectomy
Wedge resection: removal a
small portion of a lobe
Segment resection: removal a
larger portion of a lobe
Lobectomy: removal an entire
lobe of the lung
Pneumonectomy: removal of an entire lung
