1
Q
Protists: Excavata
A
- Diplomonads - = reduced mitochondria and lack plastids (2 nuclei and multiple flagella)
- Parabasalids = reduced mitochondria and lack plastids
- Euglenozoans = rod with spiral or crystalline structure within flagella (Kinetoplastids = single, large mitochondria = contains mass of DNA)
2
Q
Excavata
A
Euglenid = pocket at one end of cell with one or two emerging
flagella
3
Q
Protists: SAR
A
- Stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizarians
- Monophyletic
- Common ancestor engulfed a single-celled, photosynthetic red alga
4
Q
Stramenopiles
A
reference to flagellum (hair-like), Diatoms = unicellular algae, Abundant in oceans and lakes
5
Q
Saprobes
A
Organisms that live off dead or decaying organic material (Ex: Fungi)
6
Q
Unikonta
A
Supergroup that includes fungi, animals and some protists (Two Clades: Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta)
7
Q
Amoebozoa
A
Clade, consists of true amobas
8
Q
Opisthokonta
A
Clade that includes fungi, animals, and related protists
9
Q
Fungi Synapomorphies
A
- Feed through absorptive nutrition (decomposers)
- Cell walls with chitin
- Mostly multicellular, some unicellular (yeast)
- Most are saprobes
10
Q
Absorptive Nutrition in Fungi
A
They secrete digestive enzymes to break down food, then absorb digested food into their cells
11
Q
Glameromycota
A
- Mostly endophytes
- Arbuscular mycorrhizae that penetrate root cells
12
Q
Thick Spore Walls
A
Prevent desiccation
13
Q
Archegonium
A
- Female reproductive organ of gametophyte
- Produces egg (haploid = 1n)
- protects against water loss
14
Q
Bryophytes
A
- Liverworts, mosses and hornworts
- Gametophyte dominant
- Motile (flagellated) Sperm
- No vascular tissue
15
Q
Seed Plants (Spermatophyta)
A
- Seeds
- Highly reduced gametophyte
- Heterospory
- Pollen & ovules
16
Q
Female spores
A
megaspores
17
Q
Angiosperm Life Cycle
A
- Pollen grain germinates in a pollen tube, sperm enters through the micropyle
- Double fertilization, two sperm enter female gametophyte
- Fertilization, second sperm develops food storing endosperm
- Tripoli endosperm nourishes the embryo
- Double fertilization creates seeds, ovary develops into fruit
18
Q
Lichens
A
- Fungi with a photosynthetic symbiont
- Green algae or cyanobacteria
- Sensitive to air pollution
- Most are ascomycetes
19
Q
Root Hairs
A
Where absorption of water and minerals occur; increased surface area
20
Q
Ecological Importance of Fungi
A
- Decomposers
- Mutualistic Symbionts (microrrhizae)
- Parasites/pathogens
- Various economic uses
21
Q
Mycorrhizae
A
Fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant, provide water and nutrient absorption (symbiotic)
22
Q
Endophytes
A
Harmless fungi inside plant parts, they create toxins to deter herbivores and defend against pathogens
23
Q
Hyphae
A
Filamentous structures that compose a fungus
24
Q
Mycellium
A
Mass of hyphae that form the body of the fungus
25
Asexual Reproduction in Fungi
Mycelium produces spores that are released, germinate, and form new mycelia
26
Sexual Reproduction in Fungi
1. Plasmogamy
2. Heterokaryotic
3. Karyogamy
27
Plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm between two mycelia
28
Heterokaryotic
stage containing two or more haploid nuclei following plasmogamy
29
Karyogamy
fusion of nuclei to form diploid zygote
30
5 Clades of Fungi
1. Chytridomycota
2. Zygomycota
3. Glomeromycota
4. Ascomycota
5. Basidomycota
31
Chytridomycota
Possess flagellated spores, mostly aquatic saprobes or parasites
32
Zygomycota
- Sporangia in asexual fungi
-Zygosporangia in sexual fungi
-Coenocytic hyphae
- Some form mycorrhizae
33
Ascomycota
- Sac fungi and yeast
- Ascus (sac that contains ascospores)
- Ascocarp
- Conidia
34
Ascocarp
Fruiting body that creates and releases ascospores during the sexual stage of ascomycota
35
Basidomycota
- Includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, jelly fungi
- Basidium (sexual structures)
- Decomposers, pathogens, mycorrhizae and mushrooms
36
Basidium
- Site of meiosis in basidomycota
- Basidiospores extruded to the outside from the basidiocarp
37
Archaeplastida
Includes red algae (protists), green algae (chlorophytes, charophyceans), and land plants (embryophytes)
38
Green Algae
- Chlorophytes & charophytes
- contribute to biofuels
- Both unicellular and multicellular
39
Chloroplasts
- Stacks (grana) of thylakoids contain chlorophyll a & b
- Store starch
40
Chlorophyll a & b
Pigments that absorb light for photosynthesis
41
Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants
- Apical meristems
- Cuticle
- Thick spore walls
- Gametangia
- Dependent embryos
42
Localized regions of plant growth (shoot & stem)
43
Cuticle
Waxy covering to prevent desiccation (drying out)
44
Gametangia
Cases that enclose gametes and prevent desiccation
45
Antheridium
- male reproductive organ of a gametophyte
- produces sperm (haploid = 1n)
- Protects against water loss
46
Dependent embryos
Young sporophytes contained within a protective structure
47
Stomata
Function in gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out)
48
Vascular tissue
Duct system for conducting fluids and nutrients; allows for increased height
49
Tracheophyta
- Sporophyte dominant
- Lignified vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
- organ systems
50
Xylem
Conducts most of water and minerals; includes tube-shaped cells called tacheids
51
Phloem
Cells arranged into tubes to distribute sugars, amino acids and other products of photosynthesis
52
Lignin
Provide structural support for xylem
53
Leaves
Organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants and capture more solar energy
54
Microphylls
Leaves with a single vein
55
Megaphylls
Leaves with a highly branched vascular system
56
Sporophylls
Modified leaves with sporangia
57
Sori
Clusters of sporangia on undersides of sporophylls
58
Strobli
Cone-like structures formed from groups of sporophylls
59
Roots
- Organs that anchor vascular plants
- Enable plants to absorb water and nutrients from the soil
- Evolved from subterranean stems
60
Seedless Vascular Plants
- Formed the first forests
-contributed to global cooling
- Eventually became coal
61
Seeds
- Embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
- Protection, nutrition, dispersion and dormancy
62
Heterosporty
Evolution of two types of spores (microspores and megaspores)
63
Microspores
Male spores
64
Ovule
Consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more integuments
65
Pollen
sperm, derived from microspores
66
Angiosperms
- Flowering plants
- Largest group of land plants
- Flowers, fruits, carpel and double fertilization
67
Floral Organs
- Sepals
- Petals
- Stamens
- Carpels
68
Sepals (flowers)
Enclose the flower
69
Petals (flowers)
attract pollinators
70
Stamens (flowers)
Produce pollen (male)
71
Carpels (flowers)
- Produce ovules (female)
- Ovary at the base and a style leading to a stigma where pollen is received
72
Filament (flowers)
A stamen with a sac called anther where pollen is produced
73
4 Fruit Types
- Simple
- Aggregate
- Multiple
-Accessory
74
Simple Fruit
Develop from a single or several fused carpels (peas, grapes, etc.)
75
Fruits
Mature ovaries
76
Aggregate Fruit
Result from a single flower with multiple separate carpels (strawberries, raspberries, etc.)
77
Multiple Fruit
Develop from a group of flowers (figs, pineapples)
78
Accessory Fruit
Contain other floral parts in addition to ovaries (pears, apples)
79
Two Groups of Angiosperms
- Monocots
-Eudicots
80
Monocots
- Palms, orchids, grasses
- One Cotyledon
- Parallel leaves
- Scattered vascular tissue
- Fibrous root systems
-Pollen grain with one opening
-Floral organs in 3s
81
Eudicots
- Most angiosperms (roses, daisies, oaks)
- two cotyledons
- netlike veins
- Vascular tissue in rings
- Taproot (main root)
- Pollen grain with 3 openings
- Floral organs in 4s and 5s
82
3 Organs of Plants
1. Roots
2. Stems
3. Leaves
83
Root System
- Anchors plant
- Absorbs/stores nutrients
84
Stem
Organ consisting of alternating systems of nodes (where leaves are attached)
85
Leaf
- Main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants
- Flattened blade and petiole (stalk)
86
Meristems
Perpetually embryonic tissue that allow for indeterminate growth
87
Apical Meristems
- Elongated shoots and roots through primary growth
- Located near tips of roots and shoots
88
lateral Meristems
In woody plants, increase thickness through secondary growth
89
Primary Growth
Produces primary plant body (root and shot system/apical meristems)
90
Root Cap
Covers root tip and protects apical meristem
91
Shoot Apical Meristem
Dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the shoot tip
92
Leaf Primordial
Where leaves develop along the side of the apical meristem
93
Auxiliary Buds
Develop from meristematic cells at the bases of the leaf primordia
94
Vascular Cambrium
- Adds layer of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem
- one cell layer thick
95
Cork Cambrium
replaces the epidermis with periderm (thicker & tougher)
96
Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
Molecular sequences that are specific to certain pathogens
97
Epidermis
Plant's first line of defense against infection
98
Effectors
Pathogen-encoded proteins that cripple a plant's immune system
99
Hypersensitive Response
- Causes cell and tissue death near the infection site
- Induces production of enzymes that attack the pathogen
- Stimulates changes in the cell wall that confine the pathogen
100
Systematic Acquired Resistance
- Long term response
- systematic expression of defense genes
- Production of salicylic acid triggers defense system to respond quickly
101
Trichomes
Cells that store chemical deterrents or produce irritants
102
Spines and Bristles
Modified leaves for defense
103
Thorns
Modified stems for defense
104
Prickles
Modified bark for defense
105
Conidia
Asexual spores in ascomycota
bio 204
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