unit 4 study

Question 1

Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.

Answer 1

Anatomy is the biological form of an organism (Form), while Physiology is the biological functions an organism performs (Function)

Question 2

Discuss adaptations for increasing surface area.

Answer 2

• to maximize the rate of material exchange, as the rate of exchange is proportional to surface area
• convoluted lining of the small intestine
• porous lung tissue
• elaborate capillary networks in organs like the kidney
• Materials exchange happens through the interstitial fluid that fills the space between cells

Question 3

hierarchy of organization in animal bodies

Answer 3

Animal bodies consist of cells → tissues → organs → organ systems

Question 4

Name the four main categories of animal tissue.

Answer 4

The four categories are Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

Question 5

What are the three types of proteinaceous fibers found in connective tissue, and what property does each do?

Answer 5

1) Collagen (provides strength and flexibility); 2) Reticular fibers (connects connective tissue to other tissues); and 3) Elastic fibers (allows the tissue to stretch and snap back to its original length).

Question 6

Identify the three types of muscle tissue based on location and type of motion (voluntary/involuntary).

Answer 6

Skeletal (responsible for voluntary motion), Smooth (responsible for involuntary motion), and Cardiac (responsible for the contraction of the heart)

Question 7

Distinguish between Neurons and Glial cells (glia) in nervous tissue.

Answer 7

Neurons are nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses to receive, transmit, and process information. Glial cells (glia) function solely to support neurons

Question 8

Homeostasis

Answer 8

Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment regardless of the external environment. It is maintained when a sensor detects fluctuations relative to a set point, triggering a response to return the body to that set point

Question 9

Distinguish between an animal that is a Regulator versus one that is a Conformer in maintaining internal temperature.

Answer 9

A Regulator uses internal mechanisms (like endothermy/metabolism) to control the body internally (e.g., river otter). A Conformer allows external factors (like ambient temperature/ectothermy) to control its body (e.g., largemouth bass

Question 10

Nutrition definition

Answer 10

Nutrition is the process of acquiring and breaking apart food

Question 11

Name the three general dietary categories and state which type of food each group consumes

Answer 11

1) Herbivores (eat mainly plants and algae)
2) Carnivores (eat other animals)
3) Omnivores (regularly consume both animals and plants or algae)

Question 12

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination.

Answer 12

Ingestion is the act of eating. Digestion is the process of breaking down food (mechanically and chemically). Absorption is the uptake of nutrients by body cells. Elimination is the passage of undigested material out of the body

Question 13

four major feeding strategies used for ingestion

Answer 13

1) Suspension feeders filter small food particles from water
2) Substrate/deposit feeders live in or on their food
3) Fluid feeders suck nutrient-rich fluid from a host.
4) Bulk feeders eat relatively large pieces of food

Question 14

Intracellular digestion

Answer 14

involves food particles being engulfed by phagocytosis, with food vacuoles fusing with lysosomes inside the cell

Question 15

Extracellular digestion.

Answer 15

Extracellular digestion is the breakdown of foods that occurs outside of cells

Question 16

Compare the function and appearance of teeth (dental adaptations) in carnivores versus herbivores (heterodonty).

Answer 16

Mammals have heterodont dentition (different teeth for different jobs). Carnivores have sharp teeth adapted for shearing meat, while herbivores have flat teeth adapted for grinding plants

Question 17

How do the size and length of the digestive systems of carnivores and herbivores differ, and why?

Answer 17

Carnivore stomachs tend to be large and expandable. Herbivore digestive systems tend to be long because plants are more difficult to digest, requiring increased digestion time

Question 18

What is the primary role of mutualistic adaptations (microorganisms) in herbivores?

Answer 18

Herbivores utilize microorganisms to aid in the digestion of cellulose. These microbes often live in specialized fermentation sites like the cecum

Question 19

open circulatory system

Answer 19

An open system uses hemolymph that directly bathes the organs

Question 20

What three physical components are required for a circulatory system, and what is its overall function?

Answer 20

• Components: A circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph), interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pump (heart).
• Function: To connect the internal fluid surrounding cells with the organs exchanging gases, absorbing nutrients, and disposing of wastes

Question 21

closed circulatory system

Answer 21

A closed system confines the circulatory fluid (blood) within vessels, separate from interstitial fluid. Closed systems experience higher blood pressure

Question 22

Define the roles of arteries, veins, and capillaries in the vertebrate cardiovascular system.

Answer 22

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart
• Veins carry blood to the heart
• Capillaries are minute vessels connecting arteries and veins

Question 23

What is the primary advantage of double circulation

Answer 23

Double circulation separates the pulmonary/pulmocutaneous circuit (for O2 pickup) from the systemic circuit (for delivery). This separation allows the systemic circuit to deliver O2-rich blood to the body tissues at high blood pressure, increasing efficiency

Question 24

systole def

Answer 24

Systole is the contraction phase when blood is pumped/sent out from the heart chambers

Question 25

diastole def

Answer 25

Diastole is the relaxation phase when the heart chambers are filling with blood

Question 26

Why is obtaining oxygen from water generally more difficult than obtaining it from air?

Answer 26

Water is a less efficient respiratory medium because it contains less O2 ​per given volume than air. This mandates that aquatic animals evolve highly efficient gas exchange methods

Question 27

mechanism of countercurrent gas exchange

Answer 27

Blood flows through the capillaries in the direction opposite to the water flow. This gradient ensures that the blood is always less saturated with O2 than the water it encounters, maximizing diffusion across the respiratory surface

Question 28

specialized airflow in birds

Answer 28

Birds have a highly efficient, unidirectional airflow through their lungs, achieved using eight or nine air sacs and requiring two cycles of inhalation and exhalation

Question 29

osmolarity

Answer 29

Osmolarity is the solute concentration of a solution. If a cell is placed in a hyperosmotic solution (higher solute concentration), water will move into that solution (and out of the cell)

Question 30

osmoconformers

Answer 30

Osmoconformers are isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate osmolarity

Question 31

osmoregulators

Answer 31

Osmoregulators expend energy to control water uptake and loss in environments where their internal osmolarity differs from the external environment

Question 32

What three key factors determine the energetic cost of osmoregulation?

Answer 32

The energy cost depends on: 1) The difference between the animal’s osmolarity and its surroundings; 2) How easily water and solutes move across the animal’s surface; and 3) The work required by specialized transport epithelia to pump solutes across membranes

Question 33

sexual reproduction

Answer 33

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote, increased genetic variation

Question 34

asexual reproduction

Answer 34

Asexual reproduction creates offspring without gamete fusion

Question 35

ovulation

Answer 35

Ovulation is the release of mature eggs that occurs at the midpoint of a female reproductive cycle

Question 36

internal fertilization

Answer 36

Internal fertilization occurs inside the female reproductive tract, leads to the production of fewer gametes, but results in the survival of a higher fraction of zygotes

Question 37

external fertilization

Answer 37

External fertilization requires a moist habitat for gamete release

Question 38

Oviparous

Answer 38

Oviparous animals develop embryos outside the female's body in eggs

Question 39

Viviparous

Answer 39

Viviparous animals retain the embryo internally

Question 40

four main stages of animal development, starting from the gametes.

Answer 40

1) Fertilization (forming the zygote). 2) Cleavage (cell division forming the blastula). 3) Gastrulation (cell rearrangement forming the three germ layers of the gastrula). 4) Organogenesis (localized interaction forming organs)

Question 41

During neurulation, what structure forms the central nervous system, and what structures form the peripheral nerves?

Answer 41

The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) forms from the inward folding of the neural plate into the neural tube. The peripheral structures (e.g., nerves, parts of teeth, skull bones) form from the migrating neural crest cells

Question 42

What are the two main anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 42

The Central Nervous System (CNS) (brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) (carries information in and out of the CNS)

Question 43

Sensory neurons

Answer 43

convey information towards the CNS and are called afferent

Question 44

motor neurons

Answer 44

carry signals away from the CNS and are called efferent

Question 45

Identify the specific functions of the Corpus Callosum, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus.

Answer 45

- The Corpus callosum links the left and right cerebral hemispheres. - The Thalamus relays sensory information. -The Hypothalamus controls the biological clock, body temperature, and behaviors like hunger/thirst/fight-or-flight

Question 46

Identify the specific functions of the Pons and Medulla oblongata in the brainstem.

Answer 46

The Pons regulates the breathing center located in the medulla. The Medulla oblongata controls vital homeostatic activities like heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion

Question 47

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 47

sound, touch, motion

Question 48

Chemoreceptors

Answer 48

solutes, tastes, blood glucose

Question 49

Electromagnetic receptors

Answer 49

light, electricity, magnetism

Question 50

Thermoreceptors

Answer 50

heat, cold

Question 51

Nociceptors

Answer 51

pain/harmful conditions

Question 52

Sliding Filament Model

Answer 52

Thick filaments (myosin) slide past thin filaments (actin). The resulting shortening occurs in the contractile unit, the sarcomere

Question 53

locomotion in water

Answer 53

The primary resistance is overcoming drag. Fish generate thrust through lateral undulation (side-to-side). Aquatic mammals generate thrust through dorsal flexion (up-and-down tail movement)

Question 54

cursorial locomotion

Answer 54

(running) involves long, slender limbs

Question 55

saltation locomotion

Answer 55

(hopping) relies on long hind limbs and stored energy in tendons

Question 56

endangered species

Answer 56

has a high risk of extinction in the future

Question 57

threatened/vulnerable species

Answer 57

is likely to become endangered in the near future and extinct in the more distant future

Question 58

HIPPO

Answer 58

- Habitat Loss/Destruction (e.g., deforestation, fragmentation) - Invasive species (predatory/competitive invaders) - Pollution (chemical, physical, or biological changes, including acid rain and greenhouse gases) - Population (Human population growth and pressure) -Overexploitation (harvesting a species faster than it can reproduce).

Question 59

sustainable development

Answer 59

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their need