- Space component - Control component - User component

- Satellite ranging - Distance measurement

EXAM #2 Flashcards by Chloe LaVertu

Remote sensing

Sensor records specific bands of the EMR spectrum

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How many spectral channels can we view at a time on a computer screen in red, green, and blue values

Three

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Remote sensing applications

Aerial photography

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Components of GPS

Space component
Control component
User component

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Space component

Satellites

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Control component

Tracking stations (maintain satellite “health”)

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User component

Receivers

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Receivers can include

Aircraft
Ground vehicles
Ships
Individuals

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How does GPS work?

Satellite ranging
Distance measurement

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Satellite ranging components

Satellite locations
Satellite to user distance

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How many satellites are needed to determine postion

Three

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How fast does a radio signal travel?

At the speed of light

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Distance measurement

Measure time from satellite to user

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How accurate is GPS

Varies based on several factors

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Factors that effect accuracy

Design of reciever
Time spent collecting readings
Positions/ geometry of satellites
Differential corrections

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How many levels of accuracy are there?

Three:
- Standalone handheld
- Differential corrections
- Phase differential corrections

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Standalone handheld

10-20 meters (depends on conditions)

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Differential corrections

Two to five meters

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Phase differential corrections

Cenimeter
Decimeter

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Types of differential correction

Real time
Post processing

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Real time

High-end GPS recievers

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Post processing

Low-end GPS recievers

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Value of an information system

OR why do we use an information system

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Order of Information system

Data —- Information system —- Information

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Data vs Information

Data has no real meaning (until used), information has meaning

Databases are the _____ _____ of modern information systems

central piece

What does a standard GIS data model link?

Spatial and attribute data

Record

Collection of attributes

A record is a ____ ____ into a table

single entry

Table

Collection of records

Database

Collection of tables

Database management system

Manages databases (ex. ArcGis)

Hierarchy of data storage

1. Record 2. Table 3. Database 4. Database management system

Attribute tables store

Attributes of map features

Attribute tables are associated with

A spatial layer of data (surface of the earth)

Standalone tables store

Tabular data

Standalone tables are not associated with

Spatial data

1 to 1 Relationship

For every A, only one B

Example of 1 to 1 Relationship

Governor to a state

1 to many Relationship

A, mutiple B B, only one A

Example of 1 to many Relationship

Advisor to advisee

Many to many Relationship

Mutiple A, Mutiple B (vice versa)

Selection is used to

Take large data sets and make them smaller

Set algebra

Greater/less than or equal to, Great/less than, equal to (operations)

Boolean Algebra

This or that (conditions)

AND

Typically decreases the number of records selected

Typically increases the number of records selected

NOT

Select those that do not meet the condition following the NOT

Sort

Ordering by attribute values

Destination table

Going to

Source table

Coming from

Join

Produces a new relation by combining data from two relations

Tables are joined if

They have common attribute values

Regardless of the production method a map is a

Format of visual communication

Apperance of a map can affect

Map perception and how it is interpreted by the reader

REQUIRED map elements

- Map body - Title - Legend - Scale bar

Sometimes required map element

Compass

Optional map elements

- Neatline/border - Acknowledgement - Text box

Compass is needed if

The top of the map is not North

Spatially intensive includes

- Derived data - Ratios or averages

Map to display spatially intensive data

Choropleth map

Spatially extensive include

- Absolute values - Count data

Map to display spatially extensive data

Graduated symbol map

Choropleth map controls

1. Number of classes 2. Class intervals 3. Graphic value to each class

Determining number of classes

Between 4-7 classes

Determining class intervals

Effects the spatial patterns seen in the map (what we see)

Quantile classification

Same number of operations in each class

Quantile classification example

KY has 120 counties. If you had 5 class, each would have 24 counties

Equal Interval Classification

Find the range, then divide by the number of classes

Standard Deviation Classification

SD around the mean

Natural Breaks Classification

Looking for natural clusters (ex; population in counties)

Dot-density Map Considerations

- How large a dot - Unit value for dot - Where dots should be placed

Ratio in dot density

The ratio should consider all regions in the map (ex; all counties in Ky, more dots in Louisville than rural)

EXAM #2 Flashcards

(74 cards)