FINAL EXAM

Question 1

Three types of GIS models

Answer 1

• Cartographic
• Spatio-temporal
• Network

Question 2

What is a cartographic model

Answer 2

Model where input layers change to get a result

Question 3

Examples of cartographic models

Answer 3

Habitat suitability, site selection, corridors.

Question 4

What is a spatio-temporal model

Answer 4

Model that uses time or real-time data.

Question 5

Examples of spatio-temporal models

Answer 5

Disease spread, wildfire movement

Question 6

What is a network model

Answer 6

Model showing movement along connected features.

Question 7

Elements of a network

Answer 7

Links, intersections, stops, centers, barriers.

Question 8

“Garbage in, garbage out” means

Answer 8

Bad input = bad output.

Question 9

Positional measurement errors are

Answer 9

Errors during digitizing or locating features.

Question 10

Physiological error

Answer 10

Hand twitch / accidental digitizing

Question 11

Psychological error

Answer 11

Can’t see the line clearly → digitizing wrong

Question 12

Attribute collection errors

Answer 12

Misclassification or miscounts (land use, social data)

Question 13

Processing errors

Answer 13

Rasterizing vectors, low precision math, faulty logic.

Question 14

Currency

Answer 14

How up-to-date the data is

Question 15

Completeness

Answer 15

If anything is missing

Question 16

Consistency

Answer 16

Data follows same rules everywhere.

Question 17

Accuracy

Answer 17

How close data is to the true value

Question 18

Precision

Answer 18

How detailed or repeatable data is

Question 19

Can precision be high but accuracy low?

Answer 19

Yes — consistent but still wrong.

Question 20

Positional accuracy

Answer 20

Correctness of location

Question 21

How to test positional accuracy

Answer 21

Use larger-scale map, GPS, or survey data

Question 22

Attribute accuracy

Answer 22

Correctness of labels/values

Question 23

Logical consistency

Answer 23

Lines connect, polygons close — no rule violations

Question 24

Accuracy completeness

Answer 24

Nothing missing in features or attributes

Question 25

What is lineage

Answer 25

Data history: when collected, by who, processing steps

Question 26

Why is lineage useful?

Answer 26

Shows trustworthiness and how data was made

Question 27

What is metadata

Answer 27

“Data about data” — describes quality and details.

Question 28

Who sets U.S. metadata standards?

Answer 28

FGDC

Question 29

Main uses of metadata

Answer 29

Keep records, share data, help interpret data.

Question 30

Identification info

Answer 30

Basic dataset description (title, purpose)

Question 31

Data quality info

Answer 31

Accuracy, completeness, lineage.

Question 32

Spatial data organization

Answer 32

Type: points, lines, polygons, raster.

Question 33

Spatial reference info

Answer 33

Coordinate system, datum, projection.

Question 34

Entity & attribute info

Answer 34

What features and attributes mean.

Question 35

Distribution info

Answer 35

How to access the data.

Question 36

How have GIS costs changed?

Answer 36

They decreased.

Question 37

What increased in GIS?

Answer 37

Functionality (more tools/features).

Question 38

Three main uses of GIS?

Answer 38

Manage data, analyze data, communicate info.

Question 39

How is GIS shifting?

Answer 39

From data → analysis.

Question 40

GIS + Internet allows?

Answer 40

Sharing data and tools online (GIServices).

Question 41

GIS drivers

Answer 41

Better hardware, better software, more data.

Question 42

GIS constraints

Answer 42

Cost of data, lack of staff, network limits.

Question 43

Remote sensing improvements

Answer 43

Higher resolution images, better sensors, drones.

Question 44

What is wearable GIS?

Answer 44

GIS in mobile/wearable devices.

Question 45

What is GIS?

Answer 45

A system that links location + information to answer spatial questions.

Question 46

What makes GIS unique?

Answer 46

Its ability to analyze spatial patterns, relationships, and layers.

Question 47

Geographic data vs. Attribute data

Answer 47

Geographic = where Attribute = what

Question 48

Questions GIS answers

Answer 48

Location, condition, trends, patterns, modeling (“what if?”)

Question 49

Spatial vs Aspatial data

Answer 49

Spatial = location Aspatial = attributes (NOIR levels)

Question 50

Nominal

Answer 50

Categories, no order.

Question 51

Ordinal

Answer 51

Ranked order.

Question 52

Interval

Answer 52

Equal intervals; no true zero.

Question 53

Ratio

Answer 53

Has a true zero; full statistics allowed.

Question 54

Vector model

Answer 54

Represents discrete features: points, lines, polygons.

Question 55

Raster model

Answer 55

Represents continuous data using grid cells.

Question 56

Vector vs Raster

Answer 56

Vector = “Where is everything?” Raster = “What is everywhere?”

Question 57

Raster resolution

Answer 57

Smaller cells = higher detail.

Question 58

Required map elements

Answer 58

Map body, title, legend, scale bar.

Question 59

Small scale vs Large scale

Answer 59

Small scale = large area, little detail Large scale = small area, more detail

Question 60

Map projections

Answer 60

- Conformal = shape - Equivalent = area - Equidistant = distance - Azimuthal = direction

Question 61

Choropleth map

Answer 61

Shows spatially intensive data (rates, percentages).

Question 62

Graduated symbol map

Answer 62

Shows spatially extensive data (counts, totals).

Question 63

Classification methods

Answer 63

Quantile, equal interval, natural breaks, standard deviation.

Question 64

GPS components

Answer 64

Space (satellites), control (ground stations), user (receivers).

Question 65

Minimum satellites needed

Answer 65

Three (for 2D position; four for 3D including elevation).

Question 66

Distance measurement in GPS

Answer 66

Time delay × speed of light.

Question 67

Levels of accuracy

Answer 67

Standalone → Differential → Phase differential (least accurate → most accurate)

Question 68

What is remote sensing?

Answer 68

Collecting data using sensors in different EMR wavelengths.

Question 69

Remote sensing limitation

Answer 69

Only three spectral bands can display in RGB at once.

Question 70

What does a GIS data model link?

Answer 70

Spatial + attribute data.

Question 71

Key table relationships

Answer 71

1:1, 1:many, many:many.

Question 72

What is a join?

Answer 72

Connecting tables based on a common attribute.

Question 73

Spatial query

Answer 73

Select features based on location (ex: within 5 km).

Question 74

Proximity

Answer 74

Which features are near others.

Question 75

Adjacency

Answer 75

Features sharing a border.

Question 76

Containment

Answer 76

One feature inside another.

Question 77

Buffer

Answer 77

Creates a zone around a feature.

Question 78

Dissolve

Answer 78

Removes internal boundaries based on a shared attribute.

Question 79

Overlay types

Answer 79

Union = keeps all Intersect = keeps overlap only Clip = cookie cutter

Question 80

Reclass

Answer 80

Changing cell values to new categories.

Question 81

Map algebra

Answer 81

Math operations on raster layers (add, subtract, min/max).

Question 82

DEM

Answer 82

Raster surface of elevation.

Question 83

Slope & Aspect

Answer 83

Slope = steepness Aspect = direction of slope

Question 84

Viewshed analysis

Answer 84

Determines what is visible from a point.