1
Q
what is stocking rate?
A
Number of animals per unit land area for a period of time, usually one year
2
Q
what is stocking density?
A
Number of animals per unit land area at a period of time
3
Q
What is carrying capacity?
A
The maximum stocking rate possible year after year without inducing damage to the vegetation or related resources
or
The average number of animals that a particular range will sustain over time
4
Q
what is an Animal unit equal to?
A
Considered to be one mature, 1000 lb cow or the equivalent based upon average daily forage consumption of 26 lbs of dry matter per day
5
Q
what is Animal Unit Equivalent?
A
A numerical figure expressing the forage requirements of a particular kind and class of animal
Equivalent to the amount of forage required to maintain an animal
6
Q
What is the animal unit equivalent for a cow w/ calf?
A
1.00
7
Q
What is the animal unit equivalent for a mature bull?
A
1.25
8
Q
What is the animal unit equivalent for a yearling heifer?
A
0.75
9
Q
What is the animal unit equivalent for a stocker?
A
0.60
10
Q
What is the animal unit equivalent for a ewe w/ lamb?
A
0.20
11
Q
What is the animal unit equivalent for a doe w/ kid?
A
0.17
12
Q
What is the animal unit equivalent for a horse?
A
1.25
13
Q
What is the animal unit equivalent for whitetail deer?
A
0.17
14
Q
The amount of forage required by an animal unit for one day
A
Animal Unit Day
15
Q
what is an Animal Unit Month?
A
The amount of forage required by an animal unit for one month
16
Q
what is an Animal Unit Year?
A
The amount of forage required by an animal unit for one year
17
Q
Esters/Amines are highly susceptible to volatility.
Esters/Amines are more volatile.
A
Esters
18
Q
What does eradicate mean?
A
- to remove or utterly destroy
- to exterminate
- to kill
19
Q
what is Brush Management?
A
The process of limiting unwanted plant species for aesthetic, economic, public health, or other reasons
20
Q
what are some considerations for mechanical brush control? (3)
A
- equipment cost
- capital
- labor
21
Q
what are some considerations for chemical brush control? (4)
A
- drift control
- cost
- governmental regulations
- susceptibility
22
Q
what are some advantages of mechanical brush control? (7)
A
- selective or non-selective
- no drift
- physically removes the plant
- plant residue (organic matter)
- dramatic effect
- prepare seedbed for re-vegetation
- aeration of soil
23
Q
what are some disadvantages of mechanical brush control? (6)
A
- labor, capital, and energy intensive
- relatively slow
- limited by terrain or soil
- after growth form
- destroys desirable herbaceous plants
- contributes to erosion
24
Q
what are the three types of simple top removal? are they selective or non-selective?
A
- shredding: non-selective
- roller chopping: non-selective
- hydro-axe: selective
25
what are the seven types of complete plant removal? are they selective or non-selective?
1. grubbing: selective
2. root plowing: non-selective
3. chaining and cabling: non-selective
4. railing or dragging: non-selective
5. bulldozing: both
6. KG blading: non-selective
7. discing:
26
what effect do the following mechanical brush control methods have on prickly pear?
1. shredding
2. roller chopping
3. railing and dragging
4. stacking
1. shredding: spreads it
2. roller chopping: plants it
3. railing and dragging: spreads it but does not plant it
4. stacking: prevents spread
27
what is the difference between foliar applied and soil applied?
foliar spray: leaf entry, movement downward towards roots
soil treatment: root entry, movement upwards towards growing points
28
what is translocation?
movement within the plant
29
what is the difference between how young and old leaves affect herbicide penetration?
- young = more penetrable
- old = thinner cuticle
30
what is the difference between how dry and humid climates affect herbicide penetration?
- humidity increases drying time thus increasing absorption
- drier climates = heavier cuticle
31
what is the term for “leaf hair”?
trichomes
32
how do trichomes, leaf shape, and density affect absorption/penetration?
- trichomes: if too dense, hinders absorption
- leaf shape and density: holds herbicide or runs off, too dense (not all gets sprayed)
33
At low/high soil temperatures, plant activity and translocation are reduced.
low
34
at low air temps, intake increases/decreases and translocation increases/decreases.
increases; decreases
35
what are some characteristics of amines? (5)
1. water based
2. highly soluble in water
3. helps hold herbicide on plant for longer
4. clear solution when mixed
5. somewhat volatile
36
what are some characteristics of esters?
1. oil based
2. forms an emulsion in water
3. cloudy/milky
4. greater leaf penetration
5. tends to drift
6. somewhat volatile
37
are the following characteristics of water as a carrier positive or negative?
1. easily obtained
2. cheap
3. high surface tension
4. penetrate brush canopy
5. non-toxic
1. +
2. +
3. -
4. +
5. +
38
are the following characteristics of oil as a carrier positive or negative?
1. mixed
2. lower surface tension
3. tends to float
4. greater penetration
5. may burn foliage
6. greater cost
1. +
2. +
3. -
4. +
5. +/-
6. -
39
what are emulsifiers used for?
to keep oil/water mixtures from separating
40
used to increase the time that herbicides stay on the plant
surfactant
41
what is the difference between emulsions and solutions?
emulsions = oil/water mixtures
solutions = water soluble
42
what three things does control of soil applied herbicide vary with?
1. rate applied
2. climatic factors
3. soil characteristics
43
what are the four forms of herbicides?
1. wettable
2. granules or pellets
3. emulsions
4. solutions
44
how does the amount of rainfall affect the effectiveness of soil applied herbicides on clay and sandy soil?
- clay: need slow steady rain; heavy rain = runoff
- sandy: leeching past root zone
45
what are some reasons aerial application is the most widely used technique? (4)
- rapid
- unaffected by terrain
- suitable for any brush size
- economical
46
what are three characteristics of foliage sprays?
1. thoroughly wets foliage
2. used as a selective treatment
3. hand operated or power sprayers
47
what are some characteristics of basal sprays? (4)
1. usually an oil/water emulsion
2. base of trees wetted until solutions run off
3. best on small trees
4. lest costly than spraying the entire tree
48
what is frill/notch application?
bark is cut around the trunk of the tree, herbicide applied directly into frill/notch, solutions are more effective than emulsions
49
what is injector application?
sharp bit is driven into the tree trunk, herbicide is injected through the bit into the tree at several locations, best on 2” or greater bases, amine solutions
50
what is stump treatment application?
when the herbicide is applied directly onto freshly cut stumps; ester formulations
51
explain pellet and granule herbicide application
1. applied to the soil around individual trees
2. applied uniformly under tree canopy
3. dosage based on tree size or canopy cover
52
“The environment is an ____ system and reactions taking place in each segment, atmosphere, soil, water, and vegetation, affect all other parts”
open
53
spray pressure increases = droplet size increases/decreases
decreases
54
nozzle size increases = droplet size increases/decreases
increases
55
height at which spray is released increases = droplet size increases/decreases
decreases
56
relative humidity increases = droplet size increases/decreases
increases
57
atmospheric temperature increases = droplet size increases/decreases
decreases
58
wind displacement velocity increases = drift increases/decreases
increases
59
wind displacement temperature increases = drift increases/decreases
decreases
60
wind displacement relative humidity increases = drift increases/decreases
decreases
61
wind displacement temperature increases = droplet size increases/decreases
decreases
62
wind displacement relative humidity increases = droplet size increases/decreases
increases
63
what is volatilization?
the tendency of a liquid to vaporize and turn to a gas
64
the breakdown of herbicides due to exposure to light
photodecomposition
65
herbicides persist for varying lengths of time depending on ____ and ____ ____
species; growing condition
66
what is half-life?
the time it takes for 1/2 of the herbicide to break down
67
what does it mean if an herbicide is labeled LD 50?
that 50% of test animals died from a single oral dose
68
what does it mean if an herbicide is labeled mutagenic?
the capacity to produce mutations
69
what does it mean if an herbicide is labeled carcinogenic?
capable of causing cancer in living tissues
70
what does it mean if an herbicide is labeled chronic toxicity?
lethal dose over a prolonged period of time
71
time of rainfall is closer to the application of herbicide = increased/decreased runoff
increased
72
greater intensity and duration of rainfall = increased/decreased runoff
increased
73
slope of the land increases = increased/decreased runoff
increased
74
greater the clay content in soil = increased/decreased runoff
increased
75
less vegetative cover = increased/decreased runoff
increased
76
greater rate of herbicide applied = increased/decreased runoff
increased
77
greater soil moisture content = increased/decreased runoff
increased
78
Herbicides generally have a low/high mammalian toxicity.
Greater/Less than could normally be ingested from treated vegetation or water
low; greater
79
what is volatility?
the tendency of a substance to evaporate at normal temperature
80
what is leaching?
movement of herbicide into the soil by rainwater
81
what is adsorption?
the deactivation by clay or organic matter
82
what is chemical decomposition?
the rate at which the chemicals in the herbicide breakdown
83
what is microbial decomposition?
the rate at which micro-organisms in the soil breakdown the herbicide
84
The faster micro-organisms break down the herbicide, the more/less available for uptake by plants.
less
85
amines/esters are more subject to runoff.
esters
86
when completing a stocking rate math problem, what are the 5 headers (in-order) on the table?
1. species
2. # of animals
3. AUE (animal unit equivalent)
4. AU (animal units)
5. # of months
6. AUM (animal unit month)
Principles of Range Management
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