exam 3

Question 1

what are the three basic components of the fire triangle?

Answer 1

oxygen, heat, and fuel

Question 2

What is conduction?

Answer 2

movement of heat within a substance

Question 3

____ is needed for convection and radiation heat transfer.

Answer 3

wind

Question 4

_______ is least important of the three modes of heat transfer regarding prescribed burns.

Answer 4

conduction

Question 5

what are the six stages of the combustion process?

Answer 5

1. open flame
2. zone of vapor (gas)
3. white ash
4. char
5. zone of pyrolysis
6. unburdened wood

Question 6

What are surface fires?

Answer 6

combustion of mulch and standing material

Question 7

volatile fuels contain ___ amounts of ether extractives (low/high).

Answer 7

high

Question 8

nonvolatile fuels contain ___ amounts of ether extractives (low/high).

Answer 8

low

Question 9

a small fuel load needs to use climatic factors to carry the burn. what are they? (3)

Answer 9

wind, high temps, low humidity

Question 10

what are characteristics of loosely arranged and compactly arranged fuel arrangements?

Answer 10

loosely arranged: greater supply of oxygen, easier to ignite

compactly arranged: oxygen starved

Question 11

the greater the surface area the ____ (lesser/greater) the burn.

Answer 11

greater

Question 12

what does an increased fuel moisture cause? (4)

Answer 12

1. increases ignition time
2. increases heat requirements for combustion
3. slows combustion/burn rate
4. once lit, burns hotter

Question 13

What is radiation?

Answer 13

heat transfer by “emitters”; the radiating of heat to fuel ahead of the fire

Question 14

What is convection?

Answer 14

the physical transfer of heat particles/matter

Question 15

What are crown fires?

Answer 15

combustion of aerial portions of shrubs and trees

Question 16

What is the lbs/ac and degrees fahrenheit are the three types of fuel load?

Answer 16

1. heavy: 6000lbs/ac 750*F
2. moderate: 4000lbs/ac 500*F
3. light: 1500lbs/ac 200*F

Question 17

an increase in fuel moisture results in an (increased/decreased) ignition time.

Answer 17

increased

Question 18

an increase in fuel moisture results in (increased/decreased) heat requirements for combustion.

Answer 18

increased

Question 19

Fuel moisture percentage increases as… (3)

Answer 19

1. relative humidity increases
2. temperature decreases
3. morning vs afternoon

Question 20

No one has control over the weather and must
learn to work within its influences, if ____ ____ is to be used successfully

Answer 20

prescribed burning

Question 21

The heat input required for ignition (increases/decreases) as temperature increases.

Answer 21

decreases

Question 22

When relative humidity increases, fuel moisture (increases/decreases).

Answer 22

increases

Question 23

When wind speed increases, fuel moisture (increases/decreases).

Answer 23

decreases

Question 24

When air temperature increases, fuel moisture (increases/decreases).

Answer 24

decreases

Question 25

When initial soil water content increases, fuel moisture (increases/decreases).

Answer 25

increases

Question 26

The higher the temperature of the burn, the (greater/lesser) the mortality.

Answer 26

greater

Question 27

The higher the duration of exposure, the (greater/lesser) the mortality.

Answer 27

greater

Question 28

What are two inhibitors of mortality regarding plant responses to fire damage?

Answer 28

- water moisture content: once ignited, burns hotter - bark thickness: age of tree

Question 29

What are results of maintenance burns? (3)

Answer 29

- plant production increases - suppression of undesirable plant species - mulch and roughage removal

Question 30

What are some results of reclamation burns? (2)

Answer 30

- vegetative composition shifts - “unwanted” burns

Question 31

what are some characteristics of maintenance burns? (4)

Answer 31

1. relatively “cool” fires 2. easily controlled 3. installed under moderate conditions 4. little risk of damage to desirable plant species

Question 32

what are some characteristics of reclamation burns? (3)

Answer 32

1. hot, severe fires 2. difficult to control 3. risk of damage to desirable plant species

Question 33

What are some characteristics of backfires? (3)

Answer 33

1. move into the wind 2. slower moving— increasing time of exposure 3. used to enlarge fuel breaks and reduce risk in heavy fuel loads and critical areas

Question 34

what are some characteristics of headfires? (2)

Answer 34

1. move with the wind 2. used to carry across the fuel load

Question 35

what are some characteristics of strip fires?

Answer 35

1. **fires set perpendicular to the wind** 2. used to reduce requirements for control and increase safety margin

Question 36

what are livestock short term responses to burning? (3)

Answer 36

1. increased palatability of otherwise course vegetation 2. increased nutritive value of fresh succulent regrowth 3. increased availability of high quality forages

Question 37

what are livestock long term responses to burning? (3)

Answer 37

1. desirable forage growth as a result of brush suppression 2. improved species composition of forages 3. increased forage production

Question 38

What are some ways that forage quality is improved by prescribed burns?

Answer 38

1. higher plant and soil nutrient content 2. higher plant digestibility 3. improved plant species 4. removal of mature forage

Question 39

what are some goals of prescribed burns? (5)

Answer 39

1. increase forage production 2. improve forage quality 3. better livestock distribution 4. increase water yield 5. improved wildlife habitat

Question 40

____ _____ is an excellent tool for spreading range rehabilitation.

Answer 40

direct planting

Question 41

what are some limitations of seeding? (3)

Answer 41

1. expensive 2. not universally applicable 3. risk of success

Question 42

____ may limit use of equipment of procedures for seeding.

Answer 42

topography

Question 43

what are the limitations of broadcasting as a seeding method? (5)

Answer 43

1. required heavier seeding rate 2. poor soil coverage rate 3. poor seed distribution 4. loss of seed to rodents, insects, and birds 5. slow establishment

Question 44

why is seed drilling a superior method of seeding?

Answer 44

1. uniform distribution 2. proper seeding rate 3. planted to correct depth

Question 45

what is broadcasting?

Answer 45

scatters seed directly on the soil surface

Question 46

Criteria for successful revegetation - terrain and soil must be suitable

Answer 46

- deep fertile soils - level ground - shallow or rocky soils should be avoided

Question 47

Criteria for successful revegetation - precipitation and available water must be adequate to ensure establishment and survival

Answer 47

- minimum 10” - droughts resistant species - current species good indicator for species selection

Question 48

Criteria for successful revegetation - control of unwanted plants

Answer 48

- reduce competition for water, nutrients, and sunlight - native plants slow to establish and slow growing

Question 49

Criteria for successful revegetation - use adapted plant material

Answer 49

- select species adapted to soil, climate, and topography - native plants should be of local origin - improved species varieties should be used: hardier plants, if available, fits management goals

Question 50

Criteria for successful revegetation - seed mixtures instead of monocultures

Answer 50

- less risk of loss due to insects and disease - variable terrain, survivors on most sites

Question 51

what is a possible result of overseeding?

Answer 51

seeds competing for resources resulting in poor survival rate

Question 52

why is broadcast seeding inefficient?

Answer 52

seeds left on soil surface where germination success is low and consumption by insects and avian species is high

Question 53

proper planting depth = (increase/decrease) germination rate

Answer 53

increase