Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Answer 1

Sternal fissure and foramen ## Footnote : Developmental defect

Answer 2

anterior to posterior, is: (1) thymus, (2) veins, (3) arteries, (4) airway, (5) alimentary tract, and (6) lymphatic trunks.

Answer 3

stenosis found at arch or thoracic aorta * usually near ligamentum arteriosum * if inferior = compensation by intercostal and interthoracic A collateral bv may become so large causing: * notable pulsation in intercostal spaces * erosion of adjacent surf of ribs

Answer 4

•Clinicians refers this as Thoracic outlet • * Anteriorly: * Upper border of manubrium • * Posteriorly: * Anterior surface of body of T1 vertebra • * On each side: * 1st rib with its costal cartilage • * Partially covered by suprapleural membrane (Sibson's fascia) * Triangular in shape, apex on the tip of the transverse process of 7th cervical vertebrae and base to inner border of first rib * May have some muscle fibers called scalene minimus •

Answer 5

commonly * caused by a hyperextension force against an abducted leg less commonly * an anterior force against the posterior femoral neck or head limb not lengthened noticably but will be externally rotated

Answer 6

4/5 intercostal base of cusps attaches to fibrous ring free edge attached to pap M by chordae tendinea

Answer 7

Midpoint of line joining - posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) + superior border of greater trochanter Midpoint of line joining – Ischial tuberosity + superior border of greater trochanter.

Answer 8

(X CN) carries parasympathetic fibers to thorax and abdomen

Answer 9

2 muscles blend together * extensor digitorum brevis * origin: superior surface, anterolateral calcenus * insertion: split into 3 M (blends with long extensor) on 2-4 toes * extensor hallucis brevis * largest and most medial bellow of extensor digitorum brevis * insertion: prox big toe * N: deep fibular * action: assist extensor digitorum longus in extending toes

Answer 10

* Anterior primary rami of T1 to T11. * Anterior ramin of T12 is called subcostal * In addition to thorax, upper 3 supply upper limb and lower 6 supply ant. abd. wall (T7-12) * T4-T6 are called typical intercostal nerve * Nerve lies in the costal groove below posterior intercostal vessels [vein –artery – nerve. VAN] * Lies between internal intercostal and innermost intercostal

Answer 11

valves in veins prevent backflow due to gravity or internal P contraction of skeletal M shortens (increases in girth) = compresses veins

Answer 12

•Extent: from the tubercles of the ribs posteriorly to the costochondral junctions anteriorly. Anteriorly they are replaced by the anterior (external) intercostal membranes. Origin: Inferior border of the rib above Insertion: Superior border of the rib below. The fibers run downwards and forwards. Action- Elevate the ribs – muscles of inspiration.

Answer 13

usually involve medial * pain on medial rotation of tibia * most occur in conjunction with TCL or ACL tear * unhappy triad: ACL, TCL, medial meniscus * direct blow to lateral aspect of knee with foot on ground lateral * usually not tear because of mobility * pain on lateral rotation

Answer 14

* Stress fracture occur in metacarpal bones * Often occur in military recruits after long marches

Answer 15

usually from head-on collision malignant lymphoma hypertrophy due to CHF - inferior mediastinum

Answer 16

imcomplete separation of trachea from esophagus proximal blind-end of esophagus and communication of distal part of esophagus @ carina

Answer 17

primary lymph organ after •puberty, the thymus undergoes gradual involution replaced by fat art supply = anterior intercostal, anterior mediastinal branches of internal thoracic A

Answer 18

* Pudendal nerve * Internal pudendal vessels * Nerve to obturator internus * Tendon of obturator internus

Answer 19

Posterolateral defect most common anomaly defect =foramen of Bochdalek hernia = Bochdalek hernia

Answer 20

dorsum of foot continuous with upper part of flexor retinaculum structures: (medial to lateral) * •TP, EHL, ANTERIOR TIBIAL VESSELS AND NERVE, EDL AND PERONEUS TERTIUS

Answer 21

* Present in the posterior parts of the lower spaces only. * Extend from the internal surf of angle of rib to the internal surface of the rib below crossing one or two intercostal spaces. * Run in the same direction as internal intercostal muscles. * Action: depress the ribs - forced exhalation

Answer 22

anterior intercostal internal thoracic branches - anterior mediastinum

Answer 23

branches: 1. SA nodal - 40% people supplies SA node 2. anterior IV (desccending) - anterior 2/3 IV septum 3. diagonal 4. circumflex 4. left marginal - L vent

Answer 24

most freq valve abnorm, usually degen calcification (\>60 y/o) LV hypertrophy

Answer 25

Origin: Sides of vertebra T12 to L5 and transverse process of L1-L5 Insertion: Lesser trochanter of femur Action: Flex, stabilizes hip N: Ventral rami of L1-3 Blood: Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery

Answer 26

* Excessive running – downhill “runner's knee” * Osteoarthritis of the patellofemoral compartment * Strengthening of vastus medialis corrects * Prevents lateral dislocation of patella

Answer 27

•A lesion in the following: –Brain stem – Midbrain,Pons, Medulla –Cervical region of the spinal cord –Cervical sympathetic chain –Injury to carotid arteries around which sympathetic fibers reach the orbit – * When there is cancer of lung, it may compress the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion resulting in Horner’s syndrome. (Pancoast’s syndrome) * A lesion in the following: –Brain stem – Midbrain,Pons, Medulla –Cervical region of the spinal cord –Cervical sympathetic chain –Injury to carotid arteries around which sympathetic fibers reach the orbit – •When there is cancer of lung, it may compress the inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion resulting in Horner’s syndrome. (Pancoast’s syndrome)

Answer 28

Origin: Iliac crest, ilac fossa, ala of sacrum, and anterior sacroiliac ligaments Insertion: Tendon of psoas major and body of femur, inferior to lesser trochanter Action: Flex, stabilize hip N: femoral Blood: Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery

Answer 29

Talocrural Joint * uniaxial, synovial, hinge articulation between tibia (medial malleolus), fibula (lateral malleolus), and talus –Distal ends of tibia and fibula form a mortise –Trochlea of talus fits into mortise –Malleoli grip talus

Answer 30

•Drains lymph from the body’s right upper quadrant (right side of head, neck, and thorax plus the right upper limb). At root of neck, enters R venous angle: R internal jugular and R subclavian

Answer 31

•Enters the thorax anterior to the right subclavian artery * gives off right laryngeal N posterior to the right brachiocephalic vein, SVC, and root of the right lung branches that contribute to the pulmonary, esophageal and cardiac plexus. .

Answer 32

* Aorta arises from RV and pulmonary trunk arises from LV * Associated with cyanosis (R-L shunting ) * Incompatible with life unless accompanying shunt like VSD, PDA, or patent foramen ovale is present

Answer 33

* 3 large and many small openings * Vena-caval opening: at T8 * •Inferior vena cava * •Branches of the right phrenic nerve •Oesophageal opening: at T10 * •Oesophagus * •Vagus nerve * •Esophageal br. of left gastric artery •Aortic opening: at T12 Vertebra * •Aorta * •Thoracic duct * •Azygos vein

Answer 34

flexor hallucis brevis * O: Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms * I: Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit * Action: Flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit * N: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) Adductor hallucis * O: Oblique head: bases of metatarsals 2-4; Transverse head: plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints * I: Tendons of both heads attach to lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit * Action: Traditionally said to adduct 1st digit; assists in transverse arch of foot by metatarsals medially * N: Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3 Flexor digit minimi brevis * O: Base of 5th metatarsal * I: Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit * Action: Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion * N: Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Answer 35

* 12 ribs on each side * Gaps between ribs are called intercostal spaces * Ribs are placed obliquely * •Upper ribs are less oblique * •It reaches to maximum at 9th rib •Length increases from 1-7 then decreases

Answer 36

* Sinus venarum: Posterior wall of the right atrium that is smooth on which the venae cavae (SVC and IVC) and coronary sinus open. * Musculi pectinatae: Anterior wall is ridged with the pectinate muscles. * Right Atrioventricular (AV) orifice * Crista terminalis: which presents externally as shallow groove, the sulcus terminalis. * Fossa ovalis: represents the fetal foramen ovale and its valve. * Coronary sinus: a short venous trunk receiving most of the cardiac veins, is between the right AV orifice and the IVC orifice. * Oval fossa (L. fossa ovalis), which is a remnant of the oval foramen (L. foramen ovale) and its valve in the fetus.

Answer 37

•Due to injury to the sympathetic fibers to the face. Symptoms: 1. Anhidrosis – Loss of sweating 2. Miosis- Constriction of Pupil 3. Ptosis – mild drooping of the upper eye lid

Answer 38

FA ligated in adductor canal

Answer 39

sole of foot stimulated with blunt instrument * tests L4,5, S1, S2 nerve roots reflex: downward of hallux (flexion upwards = babinski response! * can ID disease of SC and brain * primitive reflex in infants * due to cortico-spinal tracts not fuly developed * can be present in children up to 4 years old * except in infants with brain injury or cerebral disease

Answer 40

SNS: greater splachnic PNS: vagus structures derived from foregut: * respir tract and esophagus * stomach * liver * gallbladdar/bile ducts * pancreas * upper duodenum

Answer 41

popliteal A * adductor hiatus --\> inferior border of popliteus --\> anterior, posterior tibial A * deepest structure in fossa * 5 genicular branches * supply capsule, ligaments popliteal V * posterior tibial --\> inferior border of popliteus M --\> adductor hiatus --\> femoral V

Answer 42

•PolydSyndactylyactyly – extra digits * one or more fused * Brachydactyly – digits are shortened * Oligodactyly – digit is absent * Ectrodactyly – extreme case of oligodactyly, missing one, two or three of the middle digits

Answer 43

restriction of RV outflow --\> RV hypertrophy

Answer 44

abnormal devision of trachea and esophagus * blind end pouch of esophagus instead of connecting down develops from foregut = endoderm * div posterior by thracheosophageal ridges * anterior = tracheal * posterior = esophagus

Answer 45

O: lat condyle, prox half of lat tibia I: medial cuneiform, base of 1 MT A: dorsiflex, invert foot N: deep fib blood: anterior tib

Answer 46

cruciate anastomosis = resembles a cross * inferior gluteal * lateral circumflex femoral * medical circumflex femoral * ascending branch of 1st perforating A from profunda femoris trochanteria anastomosis: circulation around head of femus * superior and inferior gluteal * medial and lateral circumflex femoral * medial = main supply to femur * retinacular

Answer 47

Origin: Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and margins of obturator foramen Insertion: Medical surface of greater trochanter of femur Action: Laterally rotates thigh, abducts flexed thigh N: Nerve to obturator internus Blood: inferior Femoral \*bounded by 2 gemelli

Answer 48

* Bronchial arteries & veins * Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

Answer 49

drain fluid from pericardial cavity due to cardiac tamponade procedure: * wide-bore needed @ 5-6 intercostal space near sternum * cardiac notch in L lung and shallower notch of L pleural space exposes some of pericardial sac * intrasternal angle (see pic)

Answer 50

hyperext @ MP joint flexion at DIP joint

Answer 51

Origin: Body and inferior pubic ramus Insertion: Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur Action: Adducts and flexes N: Obsturator nerve Blood: Femoral

Answer 52

obliquely - increases inferior 9th

Answer 53

* Broadest and shortest of the true ribs * Has a single articular facet on its head, which articulates with T1 * Has a scalene tubercle for the insertion of anterior scalene muscle * front of scalene tubercle for subclavian vein * behind the scalene tubercle for subclavian artery & trunks of brachial plexus

Answer 54

avoids portal circulation bypasses liver critical role in preferentially shunting o2-ed blood to fetal brain

Answer 55

* The smallest subdivision of the mediastinum. * Anteriorly : the sternum and the transversus thoracis muscles. * Posteriorly pericardium. * Superiorly: sternal angle * Inferiorly: the diaphragm. * In infants and children, the anterior mediastinum contains the inferior part of the thymus.

Answer 56

* Anterior (sternocostal) surface, formed mainly by the right ventricle. * Right pulmonary surface, formed mainly by the right atrium. * Left pulmonary surface, formed mainly by the left ventricle; it forms the cardiac impression in the left lung. * Diaphragmatic (inferior) surface, formed mainly by the left ventricle and partly by the right ventricle.

Answer 57

•right bronchus * erect: right posterior of lower lobe * supine: right apical/superior lower lobe, or posterior seg of upper lobe

Answer 58

* Anterior: Xiphoid process * Posterior: 12th thoracic vert * On each side: costal margin * 7, 8, 9, 10th ribs * 11th and 12th ribs * Closed by diaphragm

Answer 59

joins labrum of acetabulum

Answer 60

present in approximately 3% of people muscle usu-ally appears as a distal belly medial to the calcaneal tendon may be associated with pain and edema during prolonged exercise

Answer 61

•The passage between the aorta and pulmonary artery in front and the superior vena cava behind

Answer 62

swell of left popliteal fossa "thrills" bruit detected when listening with stethoscope

Answer 63

•Right principal bronchus shorter, wider and more in line with trachea * 3 secondary •Left principal bronchus is longer, narrower and more oblique * 2 secondary •Each respiratory bronchiole provides 2–11 alveolar ducts, each of which gives rise to 5–6 alveolar sac

Answer 64

O: distal 2/3 lateral fib I: base of 5th MT A: weakly plantarflex, evert foot N: superficial fib A: fibular

Answer 65

wk 24 type I and type II cells develop - respiration is possible with ICU

Answer 66

R and L brachiocephalic V (union of internal jugular and subclavian) unite at level of 1st right costal cartilage returns blood from all structures above diaphragm enters R atrium at level of 3rd costal cartilage

Answer 67

membranous part of the IVS develops separately from the muscular part rank first on all lists of cardiac defects htn VSD on M part frequest closes spontaneously during childhood

Answer 68

Right side 1: brachiocephalic 2-4: R superior intercostal vein --\> azygos 5-11, subcostal: azygos

Answer 69

O: middle 1/2 anterior fib I: base of distal great toe A: dorsiflex, extend great toe N: deep fib blood: anterior tib

Answer 70

piriformis muscle in the butt irritates the sciatic nerve

Answer 71

* Head has 2 facets separated by a crest. * Lower larger facet articulate with body of numerically corresponding vertebra. * Upper facet articulates with upper vertebra

Answer 72

largest lymph channel ## Footnote orig at cisterna chyli (chyle cistern) in the abdomen and ascends through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm. •At sternal angle, the thoracic duct passes to the left, continues its ascent to the neck where it arches laterally to enter the left venous angle. empties at left venous angle : union of L internal jugular and subclavian

Answer 73

posterior and anterior tibial A ANTERIOR TIBIAL A IS THE FIRST BRANCH goes through IO membrane to supply anterior compartment of leg

Answer 74

pregang: T1 - superior cervical ganglion (SCG) * T1 - input form hypoT postgang: SCG - target tissues, around internal carotid A target tissues: dilator pupilla, muller's M, sweat glands

Answer 75

apoptosis - 8 weeks

Answer 76

2 directions: central: irritation of the diaphragmatic pleura or peritoneum * shoulder, c3-c5 peripheral: * skin over costal margins of anterolateral abdominal wall (lower intercostal nerves).

Answer 77

thoracic desc A azygos, hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos vagus N, splanchnic nerves (not sympathetic chain)

Answer 78

* Between the transverse thoracic plane superiorly and the diaphragm inferiorly. * Inferior mediastinum further subdivided by the pericardium into anterior, middle, and posterior parts. * Pericardium and its contents constitute the middle mediastinum.

Answer 79

T1–T4 inclines left --\> pushed medial by arch of aorta. pushed posterior by root of left lung In the superior mediastinum, the thoracic duct usually lies on the left side of the esophagus.

Answer 80

•Saddle type of synovial

Answer 81

* Flat bone with 3 parts * Manubrium: * •Superiorly has jugular notch, has clavicular notch on each side, also articulates with cartilage of 1st rib, upper half of 2nd rib * •Posteriorly related to arch of aorta & its branches AND left brachicephalic vein •Body: * •Articulates with 2nd to 7th rib * •Posteriorly related to heart & anterior borders of lungs & pleura •Xiphoid process: * •Cartilaginous at birth ossify slowly and unite with body of sternum after middle age •

Answer 82

* A conical projection from center of breast * Has openings of 15-20 lactiferous ducts

Answer 83

abnorm folding of embryonic heart * position of heart = reversed: apex is R instead of L * mirroring of great vessels and arch most common positional abnorm of heart * general transposition of the thoracic and abdominal viscera (situs inversus) * cardiac defects = low * transposition only the heart (isolated dextrocardia). * severe cardiac anomalies, ex: transposition of great arteries

Answer 84

1. septum transversum * central tendon 2. pleuroperitoneal membrane * primitive diaphragm 3. dorsal mesentery of the esophagus * crura 4. lateral body wall mesoderm * peripheral diaphragm

Answer 85

Origin: Lateral suface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines Insertion: Lateral suface of greater trochanter of femur Action: Abducts thigh, rotates thigh medially, Steadies the pelvis on the leg when the opposite leg is raised off ground. N: Superior gluteal nerve Blood: superior deep Femoral

Answer 86

•Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

Answer 87

•Movements –Flexion 140 degrees –Extension 10 degrees –Abduction 45 degrees –Adduction 30 degrees –Internal rotation 40 degrees –External rotation 50 degrees

Answer 88

weak! stability depends on 1. strength of the muscles and tendons 2. strength of ligaments •Movements –Flexion and extension –Some gliding and rolling –Some medial and lateral rotation about vertical axis

Answer 89

Deep to the internal intercostal muscles. § Not continuous. Has 3 parts. Intercostal nerves and vessels lie between these two muscles. They are present in the middle part of the intercostal spaces. The fibers run in the same direction as that of internal intercostal muscles. •Intercostalis intimi: Origin & Insertion-They pass between the internal surfaces adjacent ribs. Action: helps in inspiratio

Answer 90

foot = plantarflexed, inverted cannot stand on heels

Answer 91

•tends to track around the thorax along the course of the neurovascular bundle and points at the site of exit of cutaneous nerves

Answer 92

deep to vastus intermedius retracts bursa during knee extension

Answer 93

beings at 4/5 intercostal, desc lefft from T5 - T8 crosses over at 7/8 and joins azygos

Answer 94

* Pump handle movement * Vertebrosternal ribs 2-6 * Partly by elevation of rib 7-10

Answer 95

indications * severe traumatic injury * degen disease osteoarthritis * erosion of articular cartilage * symptoms: pain, edema, mvmt limitations procedure: * metal prosthesis replaces head and neck * plastic socket replaces acetabulum

Answer 96

separates superficial from deep compartment of posterior compartment of leg reforcing fibers * tip of medial malleolus and calcaneus ----\> flexor retinaculum

Answer 97

"•Nervi erigentes" pregang: S2-S4 hind gut, bladdar, sex organs empties bladder, erection

Answer 98

huge bleeding 4 vessels lie on one another * FA * FV * profunda FV * profunda FA

Answer 99

Origin: Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line Action: * Weakly flexes knee * unlocks knee by rotation femur 5 degrees on fixed tibia * Medially rotates tibia of unplanted limb N: Tibial Blood: Posterior Tibial Artery

Answer 100

Purpose: * blood samples * take pressure recordings from the chambers of the right side of the heart and/or from the pulmonary artery * right cardiac angiography * admin of fluids Procedure: * fluroscopic control: external & common iliac veins --\> IVC --\> right atrium

Answer 101

paired branches as aorta desc thorax: * In descending order, these include the * Bronchial arteries * Mediastinal arteries * Esophageal arteries * Pericardial arteries * Superior phrenic artery * Posterior intercostals originate through out the length of the thoracic aorta

Answer 102

* single articular facet on head with no neck, no tubercle * poorly marked in 11th rib and are absent in 12th rib

Answer 103

• lies in front of transverse process of the vertebra

Answer 104

Origin: Upper margin of ischial tuberosity Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter of femur Action: Laterally rotates thigh N: Nerve to quedratus femoris \*larger than superior

Answer 105

Between breast and deep pectoral fascia loose connective tissue allows some mvmt

Answer 106

ACL, MCL, medial meniscus

Answer 107

Usually inversion * twisting of weight nearing plantarflexed foot anterior talofibular ligament

Answer 108

Right horn - sinus venareum Left horn - Coronary sinus Oblique vein of left atrium

Answer 109

hooks around R subclavian A ascends b/w tracheal and esophagus

Answer 110

superior epigastic musculophrenic

Answer 111

how M get to foot pneu: Tom, Dick, an Harry (anterior to posterior) * Tom- Tibialis posterior. M. * Dick- Flexor digitorum longus . M. * A- Posterior tibial artery. * N- Tibial nerve. * Harry: Flexor hallucis longus.M

Answer 112

Origin: Interosseous membrane; posteror surface of tibia inferor to soleal line; posteror surface of fibula Insertion: Tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform, cuboid, and sustentaculum talki of calcaneus; bases of 2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsals Action: * Plantarflexes ankle * inverts foot N: Tibial Blood: Posterior Tibial Artery

Answer 113

NAVL: (medial to lateral) * N * A * V * Lymph node •Triangular depression on ant. aspect of upper 1/3rd of thigh below inguinal ligament Boundaries: * Laterally * Sartorius * Medially * Adductor longus * Base * Inguinal ligament * Apex * Faces downward where medial and lateral boundary meet * Roof * Skin, Superficial fascia, Deep fascia * Floor * Adductor longus, pectineus, psoas major and iliacus

Answer 114

ASIS, acetabulum --\> intertrochanteric line y-shaped A: prevents hyperextention

Answer 115

right auricle.

Answer 116

clamp and insert tubes of coronary bypass = divert blood during sx

Answer 117

* Brachiocephalic artery – supplying the right side of the head & neck and the right upper limb. * Left Common carotid artery – to the left side of the head & neck. * Left Subclavian artery – to the left upper limb.

Answer 118

lipid deposits in intima --\> luminal stenosis collateral channels may initially expand (compensation) may not receive enough o2 with increased amts of work = MI

Answer 119

•no facet on transverse process

Answer 120

increases stability of joint restricts extension of joint to 10-20 degrees beyond vertical postiion * flexion increasily unwinding spiraling ligaments/fibers

Answer 121

lateral force against an adducted femur side impact MVCs

Answer 122

Branches: * Cutaneous (anterior and lateral) * Muscular * sympathetic chain Supplies: * skin * muscles * parietal pleura

Answer 123

* Right lung is heavier (625 gm) than left (575 gm) * Adults lungs are spongy due to air in the alveoli and float in water * In stillborn child, they are solid and sink in water

Answer 124

pigmented mod sebaceous gland * enlarged during preg/lactation = Montgomery tubercles oily secr lub nippe nf areola to prevent cracking during lactation

Answer 125

“clergyman’s knee” * frequent flexing of knee * most common in roofers/floor tilers when not wearing knee pads

Answer 126

"tennis leg" acute injury from partial tearing of medial belly of gastrocnemius * overstretch via full extension @ knee and full dorsiflexion @ ankle * stabbing pain --\> edema --\> gastrocnemius spasm often seen in people \> 40 y/o

Answer 127

4. Plantar interossei (three muscles) * O: Bases and medial sides of metatarsals 3-5 * I: Medial sides of bases of phalanges of 3rd-5th digits * Action: Adduct digits (2-4) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints * N: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) 4. Dorsal interossei (four muscles) * O: Adjacent sides of metatarsals 1-5 * I: 1st: medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit;2nd-4th: lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits * Action: Abduct digits (2-4) and flex metatarsophalangeal joints * N: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Answer 128

R: * oblique and horizontal: 3 L: * oblique: 2 * lingula: tongue shaped projection

Answer 129

* 1st-primary cartilaginous joint * 2nd-7th-plane synovial joint

Answer 130

absence of forearm or lower leg bones, most common absence = fibula

Answer 131

anatom: 4th costal cartilage "bicuspid" attached by chordae tendinae (tighten before and during systole so cusps do not go into L atrium)

Answer 132

Complete paralysis and atrophy of the corresponding half of the diaphragm

Answer 133

traumatic dislocations of hip joint * disrupt artery to head of femur fx to separate of superior femoral epiphysis * =inadequate blood supply to femur head * post-traumatic avascular necrosis of head

Answer 134

broad edge to tap calcaneal tendon plantarflex of ankle joint * S1/S2 N roots

Answer 135

highly developed skin ligaments divide into fat-filled area * shock absorber anchor skin to plantar aponeurosis * inprove grip of sole

Answer 136

multi sys atrophy - degen of autonomic N and motor sys orthostatic hypotension, dry mouth/skin, cold hands/feet, urinary incontinence, impotence can cause slow mvmts, mild tremors, loss of balance

Answer 137

inferior to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament cardiac angiography * FA --\> exteral iliac --\> common iliac --\> aorta --\> left ventricle of heart * can be used to visualize coronary arties in coronary arteriography blood gas analysis

Answer 138

thinner, less sensitive than most of skin of sole of foot subcut tissue = loose * edema! especially anterior to and around medial malleolus deep fascia = continuous with inferior extensor retinaculum

Answer 139

•Inspiration: Diaphragm pec minor intercostal scalenii sternomastoids serratus ant erector spinae nasal * Expiration * Muscles of the abdominal wall

Answer 140

2o individual * 14 plantar * 2 dorsal * 4 intermediate

Answer 141

how: * player lands on tibial tuberosity with knee flexed * knocked to floor in basketball usually occurs in conjection with TCL or FCL

Answer 142

supine: * midway b/w ASIS and pubic symphysis * little finger on ASIS * tip of thumb on pubic tubercle * midpalm, interior to midpoint of inguial ligament pulse usually strong * weak = partially occluded common or external iliac A

Answer 143

(III CN) –supplies the constrictor pupillae and ciliaris muscle

Answer 144

•Plane synovial joint

Answer 145

compression irritation of medial plant * pass deep to flexor retinaculum * curves deep to abductor hallucis symptoms: * ache, burn, numb, tingle * medial sole of foot, region of navicular tuberosity repetitive eversion of foot * running, gymnastics

Answer 146

pulm A: deoxy blood bronchial A: R = 1, L = 2 - desc thoracic aorta right side can also orig from right 3rd post intercostal A

Answer 147

femur * head forms 2/3 of sphere * entire femur covered with articular cartilage except for fovea for ligament of femoral head * attaches fovea to transverse acetabular ligament * contains branch from obturator A acetabulum * imcomplete right of fibrocartilaginous labrum - completed by transverse acetabular ligament

Answer 148

•Descent of the diaphragm

Answer 149

•Conus arteriosus (infundibulum), which leads into the pulmonary trunk Trabeculae carneae : irregular muscular elevations Supraventricular crest:M ridge, separates inflow and outlow •three papillary muscles * anterior: largest, attachs anterior posterior cusps of tricuspid * posterior: smaller, attaches posterior and septal cusps * septal: attaches anterior and septal Moderator band * purkinje fibers from right bundle branch

Answer 150

comes off L vagus @ inferior border of the arch of the aorta, immediately lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum ascends to the larynx between the trachea and the esophagus.

Answer 151

* Usually just anterior to angle because it is weakest part * Can damage the pleura and lungs * Lead to pneumothorax or hemothorax

Answer 152

* CN3 : EYE BALL * CN7 :SUBMANDIBULAR, SUBLINGUAL, LACRIMAL, NASOPALATINE GLANDS * CN9 : PAROTID, BARORECEPTOR * CN10 : HEAD + NECK, THORAX, ABDOMEN UPTO LEFT COLIC FLEXURE * S2,3,4 : REST OF ABDOMEN, PERINEUM PELVIS

Answer 153

* Has two layers. * An outer fibrous pericardium and an inner serous pericardium. * The serous pericardium is divided into outer fibrous parietal and inner visceral. * Between the two is a cavity called the pericardial cavity. * Cavity contains pericardial fluid.

Answer 154

avoid pulmonary circulation in fetus connects pulmonary trunk and aorta

Answer 155

* Nearly always dislocates laterally * Angle of pull of quadriceps relative to axis of the patella and tibia * Tendency toward lateral dislocation is normally counterbalanced by medial more horizontal pull of powerful vastus medialis

Answer 156

portion of M that is smooth in the R atria where the SVC and IVC enter

Answer 157

* dense connective tissue. * Blends with the tunica adventitia of the vessels entering and leaving the heart. * Is attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm-pericardiophrenic ligament * Attaches to the sternum.- Pericardiosternal ligaments. * It protects the heart against overfilling because it is fibrous and unyielding.

Answer 158

canlcaneal * fall on heels metatarsal/phalangeal * heavy obj falls/runs over food metatarsal * common in dancers, esp female ballet - losing balance

Answer 159

R ascending lumbar vein R subcostal V

Answer 160

•7th to 10th costal cartilage articulate with one another by synovial joint

Answer 161

Origin: * superior ramus of pubic Insertion: * pectineal line of femus, inferior to lesser trochanter Action: * Adducts and flexes thigh, assist in medial rotation N: * femoral Blood: * Femoral

Answer 162

type I pneumocytes (squamous) * gas exchange type II pneumocytes (cuiboidal) * surfactant secretion - decrease SA * \<5% make up barrier but 60% of cells in alveoli capillary endothelium basement membrane

Answer 163

fusion of : pubis, illium, ischium

Answer 164

Origin: Upper and lateral ischial tuberosity Insertion: Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia Action: Flexes leg, extends thigh N: Tibial division of sciatic nerve Blood: inferior Femoral

Answer 165

great saphenous vein: * diameter =/\> coronary A * easly dissected * lengthy straight portions radial A has become increasingly more common

Answer 166

electrode --\> SVC --\> RA --\> tricuspid --\> RV --\> fixed to trabeculae carneae

Answer 167

Smooth part of right ventricle (conus arteriosus) Smooth part of left ventricle (aortic vestibule)

Answer 168

posterior right side longer than left

Answer 169

* T4/T5 disc * 2nd rib articulation * Ascending aorta ends * Descending aorta begins * Arch of aorta ends and begins * Trachea bifercates * Azygos vein joins SVC * Highest point of arch of aorta is NOT at this level

Answer 170

4 or 5 slips: anterior intercostal space Origin: Posterior xiphoid & inferior sternum. The fibres run upwards and laterally Insertion: costal cartilages ribs 2-6 Action- expiration (depression of costal cartilages)

Answer 171

* On each side of the vertebral column. * Drains the back and thoracoabdominal wall.

Answer 172

portal vein

Answer 173

1. Greater Splanchnic: T5-T9 - origin of celiac 2. Lesser splanchnic: T10-T11 - superior mesenteric 3. Least splanchnic: T 12 - inferior mesenteric 4. Lumbar (sacral) splanchnic : L1-L2 - bifurc of external/internal iliac **sympathetic splanchnic nerve will END in front of the ab\ AORTA ( at the PRE VERTEVBRAL GANGLIA)** * will run along branches of these A to reach organs

Answer 174

Origin: Body of pubis, inferior to pubic crest Insertion: Middle third of linea aspera of femur Action: Adducts thigh N: Obturator Blood: Femoral

Answer 175

branches of sciatic, femoral ,obturator N

Answer 176

common in people 60 y/o and older * women - osteoporosis requires internal skeletal fixation: intracapsular Ischemic necrosis of neck + head * interruption of blood supply from retinacular vessels - trochanteric anastomosis - medial femoral circumflex artery * artery to ligament of femoral head - only remaining source of blood to proximal fragment - inadequate - aseptic vascular necrosis lower limb shortened * distal fragment pulled up by: * quad femoris, adductors, hamstrings * Psoas - lateral rotation

Answer 177

•7th to 10th costal cartilages

Answer 178

pulm veins: 2 from each long brochnial viens (2 of each side): R = aqygos, L = L superior intercostal, accessory hemizygos

Answer 179

* Musculotendinous structure present between thorax and abdomen * Has 3 origins * Sternal: xiphoid process * Costal: originate from lower 6 costal cartilages * Vertebral: Right and left crus * •Right crus from right side of body of L1-L3 * •Left crus from left side of body of L1-L2 * •Medial and lateral arcuate lig. •All the parts insert into central tendon

Answer 180

(VII CN) –supplies all the glands of head except parotid. It is very important to know that there is drying of eye when there is facial nerve lesion but the loss of secretion of saliva may not be diagnostic since parotid is still functional.

Answer 181

cisternae chyli in abdomen

Answer 182

quadriceps should contract integrity of femoral nerve + L 2 3 4 spinal cord segments

Answer 183

* S1: contraction of the atria and dumping blood into the ventricles. Closure of A-V valves. * S2: contraction of the ventricles dumping blood into the blood vessels. Closure of semilunar valves.

Answer 184

formed by neural crest cells separates R and L sides of heart

Answer 185

Left side 1: brachiocephalic 2-4: L superior intercostal--\>L brachiocephalic 5-8: accessory hemiazygos 9-11, subcostal: hemiazygos

Answer 186

inflammation plantar aponeurosis * repetitive strain on longitudinal plantar arch pain on prox plantar surface of foot tx: rest, analgesia

Answer 187

appears within the truncus arteriosus dividing it into the Ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk.

Answer 188

Trabeculated parts of of R and L ventricle

Answer 189

usually from narrowed coronary arteries usually relieved by period of rest (1-2min) * SL nitro = dilates coronary A and other A WARNiNG SIGN!!

Answer 190

* Branches coming from * Internal thoracic artery * Lateral thoracic artery * Thoracoacromial artery * Posterior intercostal arteries

Answer 191

Origin: * rectus: Anterior inferior iliac spine and groove superior to acetabulum * vastalis lateralis: Greater trochanter and lateral lip of linea aspera of femur * vastus medialis: Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera of femur * vastus intermedius: Anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur Insertion: Base of patella and to tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Action: Extends the leg at the knee joint, rectus femoris; steadies hip, helps iliopsoas flex thigh N: femoral Blood: Medial Femoral Circumflex Artery

Answer 192

* Right border (slightly convex), formed by the right atrium and extending between the SVC and the IVC. * Inferior border (nearly horizontal), formed mainly by the right ventricle and slightly by the left ventricle. • * Left border (oblique, nearly vertical), formed mainly by the left ventricle and slightly by the left auricle. * Superior border: formed by the right and left atria and auricles in an anterior view. •

Answer 193

•Surround the main branches of abdominal aorta –Celiac ganglia –Superior mesenteric ganglia –Inferior mesenteric ganglia

Answer 194

Structure above pyriformis: * Superior gluteal nerve and vessels Structure passing below pyriformis: * Inferior gluteal nerve * Inferior gluteal vessels * Sciatic nerve * Post. cut. n. of thigh * Nerve to quadratus femoris * Pudendal nerve & internal pudendal vessels * Nerve to obturator internus

Answer 195

Sternal angle (angle of louis): * Manubrio-sternal joint * 2nd costal cartilage anteriorly and disc between T4 and T5 posteriorly

Answer 196

acetabular rim --\> greater trochanter * circles superior/lateral A: prevents hyperextension, screws femoral head into acetabulum

Answer 197

Lateral horn

Answer 198

Anginal = radiating: substernaland left pec--\> left shoulder,medial aspect of the left upper limb ## Footnote cardiac pain referred to upper limb between SC segments of cutaneous N (T1-T3) common to the visceral afferent termination of coronary artieries

Answer 199

Origin: * long head: ischial tuberosity * short head: lateral lip of linea aspera Insertion: * long head: lateral head of fibula * short head: lateral supracondylar line of femur Action: Flexes and (LH) laterally rotates leg, extends thigh N: * long head: tibital - sciatic N * short head: common fibular - sciatic N Blood: Femoral \* short head does not cross 2 joints \* only hamstring that does a little rotation

Answer 200

Origin: Medial part of posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line; Insertion: Bases of distal phalanges of lateral four digits Action: * Flexes lateral four digits plantarflexes ankle; N: Tibial Blood: Posterior Tibial Artery

Answer 201

Origin: Ilium posterior to posterior glutealline dorsal sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament Insertion: Iliotibial tract of fascia lata, gluteal tuberosity of femur Action: Extends thigh, assists lateral rotation * powerful extensor of thigh * largest M in body * climbing stairs N: Inferior gluteal nerve Blood: Superior Superficial and Inferior Femoral

Answer 202

r aortic sinus branches: 1. SA nodal 2. R marginal - right border of heart (not apex) 3. AV nodal 4. post IV - adjanct sides of both ventricles, * right dominant: given at posterior iv sulcus 5. iv septal = post 1/3 of IV septum SUPPLIES DIAPH SURF

Answer 203

•Reserve space for expansion of lung between two parts of parietal pleura costomediastinal costodiaphragmatic - first part of plueral cav to be filled up by plural effusion

Answer 204

prone with knee flexed inferior of fossa where A is related to tibia weak/loss = FA obstruction

Answer 205

Origin: Body of pubis and inferior pubic ramus Insertion: Superior part of medial surface of tibia Action: Adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg N: obturator Blood: femoral

Answer 206

origin: * ischial tuberosity insertion * one of leg bones action: * extend hip, flex knee N: * tibial part of sciatic N \* common injury in athletes b/c it goes over 2 joints

Answer 207

nerve grafts in procedures such as repairing nerve defects resulting from wounds locate near small saph V

Answer 208

wk 4: * septum transversum lies opposite upper cervical somites wk 5: * C3-C5 grow into septum and form phrenic N * nerves pass to septum via pleuropericardial membrane = N lie in fibrous pericardium wk 6: * rapid growth of ventral v dorsal = descent of diaphragm and nerves to thoracic somite lvl wk 8: * dorsal lies @ L1 - phrenic N follows

Answer 209

Third left costal cartilage Second left intercostal space, just lateral to sternum

Answer 210

pelvis droop to unaffected side with opposite leg is raise to walk paralysis of gluteus medius - stability pelvis when opposite leg raised

Answer 211

* Ribs that are connected to sternum through their cartilages are called true ribs * 1-7 ribs * Vertebrosternal / true ribs * 8-10 are false ribs: * 8, 9, 10 are connected to the costal cartilages immediately above them to form costal margin * Vertebrochondral * 11-12 are floating ribs * Vertebral * 3-9 are typical ribs * 1-2 & 10-12 are atypical

Answer 212

unlocks knee joint popliteus (tendon) first 5 degrees via latereal rotation

Answer 213

shortened internally rotated

Answer 214

laying supine spreads ab viscera horizontally, pushing mediastinal structures superiorly usually will sag when standing due to gravity supine: * arch of aorta: superior to txverse thoracic plane * trach bifuc = txsected by txverse thoracic plane * central tendon of diaphragm = xiphisteral jxn and T9 standing: * arch of aorta: super txsected by txverse thoracic plane * trach bifuc = inferior to txverse thoracic plane * central tendon of diaphragm = middle of xiphoid process, T9-T10

Answer 215

piriformis, obturator internus, germelli

Answer 216

proximal phalax * dorsiflex (hyperextend) @ MP joint * plantarflex @ PIP joint weak lumbricals and interossei

Answer 217

begins and ends @ posterior 2nd SC joint: right to left ascends anterior to the R pulmonary A , trachea bifurcation apex at the L side of the trachea descends posterior left root of the lung, T4

Answer 218

heart ascending aorta lower 1/2 of SVC with azygos vein opening bifurcation of tachea, 2 bronchi pulm: A and right and left veins phrenic N

Answer 219

quadratus plantae * O: Medial surface and lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus * I: Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus * Action: Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits * N: Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3) lumbricals * O: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus * I: Medial aspect of expansion over lateral four digits * Action: Flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits * N: Medial one: medial plantar nerve (S2, S3); Lateral three: lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Answer 220

•Manubriosternal joint:

Answer 221

rests of diaphragm separates: R lung from R lobe of liver, L lung from L lobe of liver, stomach and spleen

Answer 222

•Left 5th ICS ½ inch medial to midclavicular line

Answer 223

Origin: * Adductor part: Inferior pubic ramus, ramus of ischium * Hamstring part: ischial tuberosity Insertion: * Adductor part: gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line * Hamstring part: adductor tubercle of femur Action: * Adductor part: adduct, flex thigh * Hamstring part: extend thign N: * Adductor part: obturator * Hamstring part: tibial Blood: Femoral

Answer 224

subtalar joint * food = inverted * ankled = plantar flexed * forefood = adducted

Answer 225

long-jump M Origin: * Lateral Head- lateral condyle of femur * Medial head- popliteal surface above medial condyle of femur Insertion: Posterior aspect of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Action: Plantarflexes the ankle joint, assits in flexion of the knee joint * cannot plantarflx when knee fully flexed N: Tibial Blood: Posterior Tibial Artery

Answer 226

origin: * lateral dorsal venous arch of foot ascends with sural N * behind lateral malleolus * up lateral border of calcaneous tendon - up middle passes b/w 2 heads of gastrocnemius M in popliteal fossa * pierces deep fascia

Answer 227

•Visualization of interior of bronchial tree • •Helpful to diagnose brochogenic carcinoma • •Biopsy can also be taken at the same time • •Inhaled foreign bodies are removed by this procedure

Answer 228

localized dilation of terminal part of great saphenous vein * femoral triangle edema associated with varicose veins in other parts of lower limb may be confused with other groin swellings such as a psoas abscess

Answer 229

•artery that supplies the posterior descending artery (PDA) determines the coronary dominance. R: RCA - 70% L: CX (circumflex - branch of L artery) - 10% co: both - 20%

Answer 230

Ligament of the head of the femur synovial fold * conducts a bv * weak, little importance for strength of hip

Answer 231

thick over major weight-bearing areas * heel, lateral margin, ball of foot subcut tissue = more fibrous deep fascia = continuous with plantar fascia, deep fascia of sole

Answer 232

drains into deep inguinal lymph nodes drains deep tissues of popliteal fossa, leg, knee joint

Answer 233

Left superior intercostal vein * 2-4 --\> left brachiocephalic vein. Supreme intercostal vein * first intercostal veins --\> brachiocephalic veins.

Answer 234

most severe acute muscular problem of the leg * bruising in malleolar region * lump in calf = shortening of triceps surae lose func: * plantarflex against resistnace * raise heel * balance on affected side excessive passive dorsiflexion walking only when limb = latreal rotated, roll over transverse-placement of foot, no take off

Answer 235

fast twitch II

Answer 236

Gerdy's tubercle lateral side of tibia

Answer 237

* C7 * Vertebra prominens * T3 * Root of scapular spine * T7 * Inferior angle of scapula

Answer 238

function: * group: support stance, maintain arch of foot * most active in push off (time when forces tend to fallten transverse arch) 4 layers 1. abductors, short flexors of toes 2. long flexor tendons, 4 lumbricals, quadratus plantae 3. flexor little toe, flexor & adductor great toe 4. dorsal and plantar interosseous

Answer 239

pulm epithelium larynx glands trachea bronchi

Answer 240

outer surface of a rib at junction of neck and shaft. It articulates with its numerical vertebra

Answer 241

fxs account for 75% soft tissue injury

Answer 242

•Mainly to axillary vein, some goes to internal thoracic vein, posterior intercostal vein (communicate with vertebral venous plexus) •

Answer 243

aneurysm (usually popliteal a)

Answer 244

* Obstruction of pulmonary artery or its branches by an embolus * Usually arise in deep veins of lower limb * Symptoms are sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain

Answer 245

pubic ramus --\> joint capsule A: limits abduction, extension

Answer 246

•Lower border of T2 Jugular notch / supra sternal notch

Answer 247

features: * •Hip dislocation, * •Asymmetry of leg positions * •Asymmetric fat folds * •Diminished movement on the affected side Ortolani test/maneuver * flex hips and knees in supine position to 90 deg. * index fingers placing anterior P on greater trochanters, abducting legs with thumbs * positive = "clunk" * head relocates anteriorly into acetabulum * posterior dislocation in infants Barlow's sign * bringing the thigh towards the midline of the body * positive = feeling femur head slip out of socket postolaterally

Answer 248

* Length is twice that of 1st rib * Angle and tubercle are very close * Shaft has no twist * Middle of the shaft has a large rough tubercle

Answer 249

Cruciate ligaments * center of joint - cross obliquely * during medial rotation of tibia on femur, cruciate lig wind around each other = limited to 10 degrees * unwind during lateral rotation = 60 deg possible

Answer 250

lateral condyle of tibia

Answer 251

becomes popliteal A after FA passes through adductor hiatus end splits into anterior and posterior tibial A

Answer 252

Inferior middle sternum Over inferior middle sternum

Answer 253

inferolateral part of the left ventricle, post to left 5th intercostal sounds of mitral valve closure are maximal (apex beat).

Answer 254

Origin: Margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane Insertion: Trochanteric fossa of femur Action: Laterally rotates the thigh and stabilizes head of femur in acetabulum N: obturator Blood: femoral

Answer 255

mesenchyme cells replaced directly by the osteoblasts ## Footnote clavicle cranial vault some cranial base mandible

Answer 256

4th L costal cartilage 2nd R intercostal, lateral to sternum

Answer 257

Two valves one AV valve : mitral and one semilunar : aortic valve

Answer 258

wk 4, wk 5

Answer 259

paraxial lateral plate mesoderm - axial skeleton pareital lateral plate mesoderm - appendicular skeleton neural crest - part of skull

Answer 260

•Oval and articulates with costal cartilage

Answer 261

typ = 3-9 atypical = 1,2, 10-12

Answer 262

bracheocephalic vein

Answer 263

azygos, hemi-azygos, and accessory hemi-azygos thorax, back, ab

Answer 264

Xiphisternal joint

Answer 265

inflam of pericardium rustle of silk sound over L sternal border and upper ribs = pericardial friction rub

Answer 266

somatopleuric and splanchopleuric separate by the intraembryonic colemonic cavity

Answer 267

4x stronger than dorsiflexion major component of push-off parts when running, walking * thrust primarily at ball of foot * propel body forward and upward

Answer 268

3rd intercostal, left side of sterum

Answer 269

Hunter’s or subsartorial canal anoneuorsis * extend from apex of femoral trainge to adductor hiatus (oepning in adductor magnus) Bounded: * front and laterally * Vastus medialis * Behind * Adductor longus and magnus. * Roof * Sartorius Contents * Femoral vessels * Saphenous nerve * Nerve to vastus medialis

Answer 270

7-9 intercostal space, midax lung may collapse, medialstinal shift

Answer 271

increases from 1-7, then decreases

Answer 272

•Superior costal facet on the body is complete (1st rib). Inferior costal facet is demifacet ( for 2nd rib)

Answer 273

lower back pain by sitting on bulky wallet common with men

Answer 274

innervation to knee, skin of anterior thigh and anteromedial leg

Answer 275

left recurrent laryngeal nerve winds around the arch of the aorta and ascends between the trachea and esophagus * may become stretched = loss of voice

Answer 276

deep fascia distal continuation of fascia lata thicker to prox leg continues as extensor retinaculum

Answer 277

MI (weakened area of heart) bleeding into cavity after cardiac sx stab wounds

Answer 278

connective tissue cartilage smooth M

Answer 279

loss of plantar flexion difficulty in getting heel off ground, shuffling of gait

Answer 280

1. LAD 2. RCA 3. L circumflex

Answer 281

foot drop high-stepping gait

Answer 282

interaction of apical ectodermal ridge (AER) with underlying mesenchyme

Answer 283

* 12 thoracic vertebrae * Features: * Demifacets on side of body [may be one or two] * Facets on the transverse processes * Long backward and downward directed spine, heart shaped body and rounded small vertebral foramen * 2-8 are typical * 1, 9, 10, 11, 12 are atypical

Answer 284

• has neurovascular bundle ( VAN)

Answer 285

posterior leg

Answer 286

At birth, when the baby takes its first breath lungs expand with air = pressure in the R atrium falls oval foramen closes for its first and last time valve usually fuses with the interatrial septum

Answer 287

* The needle pierices the following layers in order: * Skin - subcutaneous tissue- ext. int. muscle- Int. Int muscle -innermost int muscle- endothoracic fascia- parietal pleura * Needle is placed just above the superior border of lower rib to avoid the damage to neurovascular structures

Answer 288

sesamoid bone * close to prox attachment of lateral head * articulates with lateral femoral condyle visible in lateral radiographs in 3-5% of people

Answer 289

wraps around fib head deep: anterior compartment superficial: lateral compartment

Answer 290

femoral ring = weak often a loop of small intestine bounded by FV (lateral) and lacunar ligament (medial) Initially, the hernia is small because it is contained within the canal, but it can enlarge by passing inferiorly through the saphenous opening into the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh common in females (wider hips) can be stragulated: * sharp, rigid borders of femoral ring (esp concave margin of lacunar ligament * interferes with blood supply to herniated intestine --\> necrosis

Answer 291

splachnic latereal plate mesoderm surround the dev heart tube

Answer 292

from the base of the skull (superior cervical) to tip of coccyx-ganglion

Answer 293

Tarsus (7) * calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiforms Metatarsus (5) * Numbered from medial side of foot * Has a base (proximally), a shaft, and a head (distally). * Bases of metatarsals articulate with cuneiform and cuboid bones, and heads articulate with proximal phalanges •Phalanges(14) * Each toe has 3 phalanges except big toe which has only two

Answer 294

* 15-20 pyramidal lobes of glandular tissue * Has clusters of alveoli and is drained by lactiferous duct * Each duct is having a dilation just beneath areola called lactiferous sinus * All ducts converge at the nipple so the incisions during surgery are given radially

Answer 295

Cruciate anastomosis * present on upper part of linea aspera, back of neck of femur trochanteric * formed at trochanteric fossa, gives off retinacular A to head of femur

Answer 296

no push off ankle passively dorsiflexed walking = rotating foot as far lateral as possible to disable passive dorsiflexion

Answer 297

posterior surface of the medial malleolus and the medial border of the calcaneal tendon tibial A passes deep to flexor retinaculum (medial ankle) * pt invert foot = relax retinaculum

Answer 298

fluid from capillaries into pericardial cavity heart = compressed = cannot expand and fill fully noninflammatory pericaridal effusions usually from CHF * venous return \> CO = right cardiac htn

Answer 299

* From 1st part of subclavian artery * Branches: * Pericardiacophrenic * Mediastinal * Anterior intercostal * •2 for each of the upper 6 spaces * breast [2-4] * Terminal * Superior epigastric * Musculophrenic

Answer 300

deep transverse intermuscular septum * superficial (larger and less confined) * deep subcompartment * all N and bv of posterior compartment and sole of foot * swelling = compartment syndrome actions: * plantarflex @ ankle * inversion at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints * flexion of toes

Answer 301

* Anteriorly - pericardium * Inferiorly - diaphragm * Superiorly - transverse thoracic plane * Posteriorly - T5-T12 * Laterally - pleura

Answer 302

O: lat condyle tibia, IO membrane I: middle, distal phal of 2-5 A: dorsiflex, extend 2-5 N: deep fib blood: anterior tib

Answer 303

* Bucket handle movement 7-10 ribs * Partly by vertebrosternal ribs

Answer 304

extension: * 0 degress * muscles: quadrieps femoris, tensor fascaie latae flexion: * 120° (hip extended); 140° (hip flexed); 160° passively * muscles: Hamstrings Medial rotation: * 10° with knee flexed; 5° with knee * muscles: Semitendinosus and semimembra-nosus when knee is flexed; popliteus when non-bearing knee is extended Lateral rotation: * 30° * muscles: Biceps femoris when knee is flexed

Answer 305

L4,L5,S1,2,3 thickest N in body enters @ greater sciatic foramen, blow piriformis ends at apex of poplitea fossa * divides into tibial and common fibular (peroneal) N branches * articular: hip joint * muscular: hamstring (except bicep short head = fibular component)

Answer 306

thick/inflexible semilunar valve = not close completely backrush of blood under high P into RV during diastole = murmur

Answer 307

* Placenta – umbilical vein – ductus venosus – IVC (which recieves also from lower limbs and liver (portal vein) – Right atrium – Left atrium through F.Ovale – Left ventricle – Aorta – organs – umbilical arteries – placenta. * SVC – Rt. Atrium – Rt. Ventricle – Pulmonary Trunk – Ductus arteriosus – Aorta

Answer 308

anterior to the esophagus and * Posterior surface = flat, pressed to esophagus right of the midline in mediastenum ends at sternal angle --\> right and left main bronchi. **not a component of the posterior mediastinum**

Answer 309

•Absent inferior costal facet

Answer 310

Retroperitoneal TB Transversalis fascia continuous with psoas fascia * forms a fascial covering for psoas major in the anterior region of thigh May be mistaken for: * An indirect inguinal hernia or a femoral hernia * An enlargement of inguinal lymph nodes * Saphenous varix

Answer 311

flat feet pre age 3 = normal Cause: * degen intrinsic ligaments (inaequate passive arch support) * secondary to dysfunc of tibialis posterior (dynamic arch support) * Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament fails to support the head of the talus- medial part of longitudinal arch

Answer 312

* Pulmonary stenosis * Interventricular septal defect * Overriding of the Aorta * Right ventricular hypertrophy babies born blue (R-\>L shunting)

Answer 313

•Autonomic: PNS from vagus: * •Motor to bronchial muscle = bronchospasm * •Secretomotor to the mucous glands * •Sensory for stretch and cough reflex * Sympathetic T2-5 segments * Stimulation causes bronchodilation * Form anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses located anterior and posterior to roots respectively

Answer 314

anterior acetabulum consists of: * body * articulates with body of other side * ramus

Answer 315

TB of spine irritation of intercostal N

Answer 316

arch of aorta and its branches L brachiocephalic vein

Answer 317

1. balloon to crush blockade against wall 2. thrombokinase: dissolve clot \* intravascular stent may be introduced to maintain dilation

Answer 318

how: * hyperextension, severe anterior force when knee semiflexed * cross-body block in football * skiing

Answer 319

•Bone marrow is commonly taken from this part due to exposed location

Answer 320

* Brachycephaly – early closure of coronal suture * Scaphocephaly – early closure of sagittal suture * Plagiocephaly – early closure of either the coronal or lambdoid suture unilaterally

Answer 321

prolapsed mitral valve - floppy valve blood regurg into LA when LV contracts = murmur

Answer 322

* Sampling of pleural fluid * Done below the 6th rib in the mid axillary line * 8/9 ICS in mid axillary line are ideal •

Answer 323

posterior * 80-90% in MVC * knees flexed = striking dashboard * leg extended and force transmitted from floorboard affected limb will be shortened and internally rotated

Answer 324

Origin: * ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) and superior part of notch below it Insertion: * Superior part of medial surface of tibia Action: * flex, abducts, laterally rotate: thigh * flexes leg @ knee N: * femoral Blood: * femoral

Answer 325

Origin: Upper and medial ischial tuberosity Insertion: Superior part of medial surface of tibia Action: Flexes leg, extends thigh N: Tibial division of sciatic nerve Blood: inferior Femoral \* goose's foot (pes anserinus) * insertion tendon combines with tendons of gracilis and sartorius * medial aspect of knee joint

Answer 326

•involuntary spasmodic contractions of diaphragm due to irritation of nerve supply.

Answer 327

Fourth costal cartilage and 4th intercostal space Over apex of heart (5th intercostal space at midclavicular line)

Answer 328

lateral and medial femoral and tibial condyles intermediate femur-patella fibula not involved in knee joint

Answer 329

right side of the right brachiocephalic vein, SVC, and the pericardium over the right atrium. anterior to the root of the right lung descends right side of the IVC to the diaphragm

Answer 330

•Xiphisternum joint

Answer 331

•dead space for expansion of pulmonary veins and other structures of root during increased venous return (exercise) and during descent of diaphragm

Answer 332

* 2 anterior intercostal arteries in each space * 1-6 arise from internal thoracic artery * 7-9 spaces from musculophrenic arteries (terminal branch of internal thoracic artery) * 10th-11th spaces do not have anterior intercostal arteries * They have corresponding veins

Answer 333

* Inspiration: diaphragm & intercostals * Expiration: passive recoil of alveoli and thoracic wall

Answer 334

When the knee is in full extension, the femur slightly medially rotates on the tibia to lock the knee joint in place by biceps femoris * femur is medial, tibia is lateral (biceps femoris = only lateral rotator) Popliteus is often referred to as the "Key" to unlocking the knee since it begins knee flexion by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia.

Answer 335

palpate: * lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon * medial to the extensor digitorum longus tendon * distal to navicular bone used to assess peripheral vascular disease absent (uni/bi) in 2-3% of young healthy people

Answer 336

•closely resembles a typical rib, but is shorter and has a single facet on head for T10

Answer 337

1. @ the level 2. ascend/descend in sympath chain at higher/lower level 3. pass through sympath chain through abdominopelvic splanchnic N to reach prevertebral ganglia 4. end in suprarenal medulla presynaptic sympath from head, neck, limbs, body wall, thoracic cavity = 1,2 presympath abdominopelvic = 3 presympth to suprarenal medulla = 4

Answer 338

posterior herniation of synovial membrane through joint capsule into popliteal fossa

Answer 339

usually from imcomplete closure of oval foramen O2-ed blood from LA --\> RA, RV, dilation of pulmonary trunk * overloads pulm vascular sys = hypertrophy of RA, RV, pulm A

Answer 340

* Bronchus, 1 Pulmonary artery, 2 Pulmonary vein[sup & inf] * One bronchial arteries on right side and 2 on left side * Bronchial veins * Pulmonary plexuses * Bronchopulmonary nodes

Answer 341

•multiple rib fractures

Answer 342

achilles tendon most powerful (stronger) in body : 15 cm Inserts on the posterior surface of the calcaneal tuberosity two bursaes: * subcutaneous bursa * retrocacaneal bursa.

Answer 343

medial plantar N

Answer 344

mesenchymal cells are first replaced by the cartilage cells which form a cartilaginous model which later is replaced by the osteoblasts ## Footnote limb bones (except clavicle) part of cranial base

Answer 345

Origin: ischial tuberorsity Insertion: Quadrate tubercle - intertochanteric crest femur Action: Laterally rotates thigh N: Nerve to qudratus femoris Blood: inferior Femoral \* Help stabalize head of femur in acetabulum

Answer 346

* Femoral nerve supplies the anterior aspect of the hip joint * Obturator nerve supplies the posterior and inferior aspect of the joint. * Superior gluteal nerve supplies the superior aspect of the joint

Answer 347

* Plantar aponeurosis arises posteriorly from the calcaneus * Distally, the plantar aponeurosis divide into five bands * continuous with the fibrous digital sheaths, that enclose the flexor tendons

Answer 348

* HEAD AND NECK T1-T4 * UPPER LIMB T1-T4 * THORACIS VISCERA T1-T5 * ABDOMEN T5-T10 * PELVIS PERINEUM T11, T12, L1, L2 * LOWER LIMB T12, L1, L2

Answer 349

Origin: Inferior 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula; inferior part of interosseous membrane Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of great toe Action: * Flexes great toe at all joints * weakly plantarflexes ankle N: Tibial Blood: Posterior Tibial Artery

Answer 350

pre = neural tube post = neural crest

Answer 351

dislocation of ankle * foot forcibly everted pull on medial ligament * tears off of medial malleolus lateral mvmt of talus * tears off of lateral malleolus * more common: break of fibula superios to tibiofibular syndesmosis * tibia moved anterior

Answer 352

boundaries * •Superomedial: Semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles. * •Super lateral: Biceps femoris muscle. * •Inferior. Medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius muscle. * •Floor. Popliteal surface of the femur, posterior aspect of the knee joint capsule, and popliteus muscle. * •Roof. Deep fascia of the thigh (fascia lata) and leg (crural fascia)

Answer 353

pericardiacophrenic vessels, from the internal thoracic arteries and veins

Answer 354

lateral blow to knee, especially in contact sports lateral rotation, valgus

Answer 355

Origin: Lateral surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines Insertion: Anterior border of greater trochanter of femur Action: Abducts thigh, rototates thigh medially, Steadies pelvis when opposite leg is raised and chief abductor of hip with medius N: superior gluteal Blood: superior deep Femoral

Answer 356

* Phrenic Nerve (C3, 4, 5- root value)- Motor to the entire muscle & sensory to the central part * Lower 5 intercostal nerves & Subcostal nerves- Sensory to the peripheral part

Answer 357

aorta pulmonary trunk

Answer 358

Descends between the left subclavian and left common carotid arteries. anterior to the root of the left lung. runs inferiorly --\> pierces diaphragm

Answer 359

infection of lateral side of foot: * enlargment of popliteal lymph nodes * then inguinal * can be without infection to popliteal lymph nodes due to infection of medial side of foot/leg/thigh * can also be due to infection/tumor in inguinal region

Answer 360

•Lymph from the thoracic duct

Answer 361

•pus in the pleural cavity

Answer 362

•Anterior compartment * Muscles: * quadriceps femoris (knee extensors) * Iliopsoas, pectineus ( flexors of the hip) * sartorius * pectineus * Nerve supply is femoral nerve * Main arterial supply is femoral •Medial compartment * Muscles are adductors of hip * Nerve supply obturator nerve * Main artery supply is profunda (deep) femoris •Posterior compartment * Muscles are hamstrings * Nerve supply sciatic nerve * Blood supply mainly from profunda (deep) femoris

Answer 363

* Enlargement of breast in man * Klinefelter’s male 40%

Answer 364

descends neck posterior to left common carotid artery curves medially at inferior border of the arch of the aorta, immediately lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum * gives off the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Answer 365

heart compression * pericaridal effusion *

Answer 366

* on contraction, it pulls down the central tendon & increases the vertical diameter. * It is the Main muscle of inspiration. * Muscle of abdominal straining * Weight lifting * Thoraco-abdominal pump

Answer 367

edema, pain in popliteal fossa distinguish from other masses * thrills * pulpable pulsations * bruits * abnormal A sounds - detect with stethoscope

Answer 368

funnel shaped, fasical tube * siurrounds proxial part of femoral A (lat), femoral V(intermed), femoral canal(medial) Base is called femoral ring * wider in females: wider pelvis, smaller vessels * closed by condensation of connective tissue (femoral septum)

Answer 369

pectinate muscles of R and L atrium

Answer 370

Typical rib articulates with two vertebrae: •With the numerically corresponding vertebra and the vertebra above.

Answer 371

3cm inferior to inguinal ligament

Answer 372

stronger of 2 posterior intercondylar tibia --\> anterior medial condyle femur functions: * limit anterior rolling * prevents anterior displacement * prevent hyperflexion main stabilizer when walking downhill (wt-bearing flexed knee)

Answer 373

tests tibial N

Answer 374

friction between skin and patella or fall on flexed knee housemaids knee * chronic imflammation * bursa = distended with fluid * swelling anterior to knee

Answer 375

* Forms a collateral pathway between the SVC and IVC. * It ascends in the posterior mediastinum. * arches over the superior aspect of the root of the right lung to join the SVC. commun with venous plexus

Answer 376

injure common peroneal N * winds lateral around neck of fibula Paralysis of all muscles in anterior + lateral compartments of leg (dorsiflexors + evertors of foot) * foot drop

Answer 377

shortening of all segments of limb

Answer 378

Abductor hallucis * O: Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus; flexor retinaculum; plantar aponeurosis * I: Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit * Action: Abducts and flexes 1st digit (great toe, hallux) * N: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) Flexor digitorum brevis * O: Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; intermuscular septa * I: Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits * Action: Flexes lateral four digits * N: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3) Abductor digiti minimi * O: Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus; plantar aponeurosis; intermuscular septa * I: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit * Action: Abducts and flexes little toe (5th digit) * N: Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

Answer 379

limb buds start formation at end of wk 4 lower limb buds lag 2-3 days behind

Answer 380

* Larger smooth-walled part and a smaller muscular auricle containing pectinate muscles. * Four pulmonary veins. * Thicker wall than that of the right atrium. * An interatrial septum. * A left AV orifice. •

Answer 381

enlarged pubic branch of inferior epigastric A * replaces obturator * joins as acessory obturator A in 20% people could be involved in strangulated femoral hernia * close to/across femoral ring * warning for surgeons placing staples during endoscopic repair of inguinal/femoral hernias

Answer 382

lateral hort -\> ventral root -\> commun with sympath as white rami -\> synapse as pre/paravert ganglia --\> grey rami comunicans -\> ventral/dorsal rami -\> postgang N run with spinal N or bv to reach targe organs

Answer 383

Congenital dislocation * femoral head is not properly located in acetabulum * Inability to abduct thigh, shorter limb Acquired dislocation * Automobile accident - norm position riding in car * hip is flexed, adducted, and medially rotated * Posterior dislocations - most common * A head-on collision * knee to strike the dashboard may dislocate the hip * femoral head is forced out of the acetabulum Sciatic nerve injury Anterior dislocation * forces hip into extension, abduction + lateral rotation * catching a ski tip when snow skiing

Answer 384

hindfoot: * talus, calcaneus midfoot * navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms forefoot * metatarsals, phalanges

Answer 385

gastrocnemius

Answer 386

sensory to calf, lateral foot, little toe

Answer 387

independent respiratory units pyramidal * base = periphery * apex = hilum

Answer 388

fluid in pleural cavity

Answer 389

–Dorsiflexion * Produced by muscles of anterior compartment of leg * Limited by triceps surae * More stable when dorsiflexed –Plantarflexion * produced by muscles of posterior compartment of leg * Some rotation, abduction, and adduction of joint possible in plantar flexion

Answer 390

medial (deltoid) ligament * originates on medial malleolus * different fibers * anterior and posterior tibiotalar * tibionavicular * tibiocalcaneal

Answer 391

articularis genu (deep to vastus intermedius) retracts bursa during knee extension

Answer 392

pain on inside of knee: running, taking stairs spontaneous anteriomedial knee pain on climbing or desending stairs and tenderness @ PA

Answer 393

* Keeps the orifices of the AV and semilunar valves patent and prevents them from being overly distended. * Provides attachments for the leaflets and cusps of the valves. * Provides attachment to the myocardium.

Answer 394

proximal: * internal iliac arteries * superior vesical arteries distal: * medial umbilical ligaments

Answer 395

aortic regurg = murmur collapsing pulse (forcible impulse that rapidly diminishes)

Answer 396

* Seen in coarction of aorta * Due to collateral circulation

Answer 397

imaginary line passing from the sternal angle anteriorly to the junction of the 4th and 5th thoracic posteriorly

Answer 398

y shaped * stem attached to upper surface of calcaneous * limbs * up and medial to medial malleolus * interior to merge with plantar aponeurosis contains * peroneus tertius * extensor hallucis longus tendons

Answer 399

Result in hypertrophy of right side of heart and underdeveloped left side of heart

Answer 400

Foot deformity - lateral deviation of big toe * pressure from footwear * degen joint disease

Answer 401

supine standing sitting

Answer 402

aortic valve stenosis dengenerative calcification usually in people \> 60 y/o

Answer 403

SNS lateral horn T1-L2 pre = short, post = long ganglia = large action = diffusion neuroT: pre = Ach, Post = NE (except Ach for sweat glands) PNS lateral horn S2-4 pre = long, post = short ganglia = small action = focal neuroT: all Ach

Answer 404

•Body has a single large costal facet on each side, extending on to upper part of pedicle

Answer 405

A: internal thoracic, posterior intercostal V: internal thoracic vein, azygos

Answer 406

tibial N: * medial * muscular brances: soleus, gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus * gives off medial sural N Common Fibular N: * lateral, smaller terminal branch of sciatic * gives off communicating sural to join medial sural to form sural N

Answer 407

pott's disease, fx of rib, herpes zoster Intercostal nerve block

Answer 408

function: * "shock absorbers" coronary ligaments are portions of joint capsule transversue ligament = joins anterior edges of menisci medial * c-shaped * adhered to libial collateral ligament * less mobile than lateral lateral * o-shaped * joined to posterior cruciate ligament and medial femoral condyle by posterior menisco-femoral ligament * tendon of popliteus passes between the lateral meniscus and the fibular collateral ligament * bursa

Answer 409

left horn of sinus venosus

Answer 410

Lower third of neck of femur is extracapsular ligaments –Iliofemoral (Y-shaped) - follow medial rotation –Pubofemoral - straight to pubis –Ischiofemoral ligaments - follow lateral rotation

Answer 411

femoral head or acetabular dysplasia 80-85% affected = girls

Answer 412

•Body has single complete costal facet on each side, extending on root of pedicle

Answer 413

Lie deep to the external intercostal muscles. Extent: from the sides of the sternum to the angle of the ribs posteriorly. Medial to the angles they are replaced by the posterior (internal) intercostal membranes. Origin: Floor of the costal groove Insertion: superior border of the rib below. Fibers run downwards and backwards Action- Muscles of inspiration.

Answer 414

lock = knee @ full extension * medial rotation of femur during last stage of extension * quad femoris unlock * lat roation of femur during initial stage of flexion * popliteus

Answer 415

•4th ICS midclavicular line, varies in females

Answer 416

compression on tibial N or its blood supply by a popliteal aneurysm usually referred pain * skin on medial side of calf, ankle, foot

Answer 417

* Septum primum forms and anchors on the endocardial cushion forming foramen primum * Foramen primum seals off, foramen secundum starts forming, septum secundum originates * Foramen ovale forms in septum secundum * Upon first breath, septum primum and secundum fuse and fully separate atria * Foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis

Answer 418

angle between ASIS and line of gravity

Answer 419

visc layer

Answer 420

Ligamentum venosum Intra-hepatic portion of the fetal left umbilical vein

Answer 421

•phrenic nerves, primarily sensory fibers for pain, and the sympathetic trunks (vasomotor).

Answer 422

superior, largest of hip bone superior part of acetabular cavity •Consists of: * Body * Form acetabular cavity with pubis & ischium * •Ala * Upper margin form iliac crest * Externally has 3 gluteal lines * Anterior, posterior and inferior bone marrow harvest: iliac crest

Answer 423

piriformis, obturator internus, gremilli, quad femoris

Answer 424

Modified sweat gland extensions: vertically 2-6 rib, horiz from lateral sternal border to mid ax line * ax tail = normal exten of breast tissue in axilla 2/3 on fascia of pec major, 1/3 on fascia of serratus anterior

Answer 425

Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament Insertion: Superior border of greater trochanter of femur Action: Laterally roates thigh , abducts flexed thigh N: Ventral rami of S1 and S2 “Nerve to piriformis” Blood: Femoral

Answer 426

•(posterior aspect) of the heart, formed by the left atrium. bounded laterally by the pericardial reflections surrounding the pulmonary veins and IVC and posteriorly by the pericardium overlying the anterior aspect of the esophagus.

Answer 427

ovlique V of L atrium, great cardiac vein post to coronary sulcus receives: great cardia, middle cardiac, small cardiac, left post IV, L marginal

Answer 428

* White – aortic roots – aortic arches (6) * Black – truncus arteriosus * Green – conus cordis * Black + Green = Bulbus cordis * Blue – primitive ventricle * Red – primitive atrium Right and left horns – sinus venosus – receiving one of 3 veins * umbilical, cardinal, vitelline * Groove between the primitive atrium and ventricle – atrioventricular sulcus (atrioventricular canal inside) * Groove between ventricle and bulbus cordis – bulboventricular sulcus (interventricular foramen inside)

Answer 429

SNS: lesser splanchnic PNS: Vagus structures derived from midgut: * lower duodenum (reset of small intestine) * cecum * appendix * prox 1/2 colon

Answer 430

gastrocnemius

Answer 431

O: head, prox 2/3 lateral fib I: medial cuneiform, 1st MT base A:weakly plantarflex, evert foot N: superficial fib blood: anterior tib and fib A

Answer 432

1 inch above medial 1/3 of clavicle grooved by subclavian A

Answer 433

Rises on the left side crosses right to join azygos at T9

Answer 434

hands and feet attached close to trunk absense of long bones

Answer 435

•Fibers of external intercostal muscle run downward, forward and medially • •Fibers of internal intercostal muscle run downward, backward and laterally • •Fibers of innermost intercostal run in same direction as those of internal intercostal •

Answer 436

Parietal * costal/peripheral: intercostal * mediastinal/central: phrenic pulmonary * autonomic: pain insensitive

Answer 437

* Termination of the small saphenous vein. * Popliteal arteries and veins and their branches and tributaries. * Tibial and common fibular nerves. * Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh. * Popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels.

Answer 438

oblique fissure: * SP t3 - 6th costal cartilage * medial border of scapula when upper limb elev above head horizontal fissue: * from oblique fissure lat to 4th rib

Answer 439

prevents excessive pelvic tilt during swing phase on opposite side

Answer 440

both lower limbs fused or not fully formed correlation with primitive streak

Answer 441

great cardiac: travels with anterior desc A middle cardiac: travels with posterior desc A oblique: remnant of SVC anterior vardia veins: 2-4 : drain directly into R Vent

Answer 442

Supply greater part of intercostal space 1,2: superior intercostal – branch of Subclavian 3-11: descending thoracic aorta •Right = longer than the left pass behind the esophagus, thoracic duct, azygos vein and symphatic chain

Answer 443

anhidrosis, meiosis and Mild ptosis

Answer 444

* Space between two adjacent ribs. * 11 pairs of intercostal spaces. * These spaces are occupied by intercostal muscles, vessels, and nerves. * The space has intercostal muscles arranged in 3 layers. * •External intercostal muscle * •Internal intercostal muscle * •Innermost intercostal muscles.

Answer 445

no chordae tedinae F = less than 1/2 of tricuspid and mitral lunule, nodule (point of lunule) and sinus (pockets of lunule) * closes like umbrella *

Answer 446

Origin: Outer surface of iscial spine Insertion: Medial surface of trochanter of femur Action: Laterally rotates thigh N: Nerve to obturator \* smaller than inferior

Answer 447

Origin: * Popliteal surface of femur Insertion: Calcaneal tendon Action: Weakly assists gastrocmenius N: Tibial Blood: Posterior Tibial Artery

Answer 448

inferior = diaphragm superior = superir thoracic aperture, T1, 1st rib, 1st costal, sternum Lateral = parietal pluera anterior = sternum posterior = internal fascia over T vert and heads of ribs

Answer 449

M and ligaments pull femoral head medially into acetabulum medial flexors (anterior) = weak ---\> strong anterior ligaments medial rotatoes (posterior) = strong --\> weak posterior ligaments

Answer 450

spread by lymphatics fixity = infilt of suspensory lig * contraction = retraction/puckering of skin peau d/orage = infilt superficial lyphm vess retraction of nipple = infilt of lac ducts = fibrosis mammography

Answer 451

inferior part of thymus

Answer 452

provides circulation around head of the femur Branches from anastomosis passes along femoral neck - retinacular arteries

Answer 453

patellofemoral syndrome lateral deviation of patella

Answer 454

•Lower trunk of brachial plexus, subclavian vessels are closely related to upper surface of 1st rib and clavicle as they enter upper limb • •These structures may be compressed by cervical rib or by variations in insertion of scalenus anterior • * Symptoms may be: * Vascular-compromise of upper limb * Diminished radial pulse * Neural-pressure on lower trunk of brachial plexus producing pain down medial side of forearm and hand and wasting of small muscles of hand

Answer 455

(IX CN) carries parasympathetic fibers to parotid gland

Answer 456

not usually palpable * immediately lateral to FA In thin people * may be close to surface * may be mistaken for great saphenous vein imporant for varicose vein operations - find great saph versus FV

Answer 457

tears in fibers of ligaments supporting the ankle * anterior talofibular ligar most likely to tear * calcaneofibular may also be torn usually from forced inversion

Answer 458

O: distal 1/3 anterior fib I: 5th MT base A: dorsiflex, eversion foot N: deep fib blood: anterior tib

Answer 459

heart’s posterior aspect: mainly L atrium, small portion R atrium Vert T6-T9 •Receives the pulmonary veins on the right and left sides of its left atrial portion, and the superior and inferior venae cavae at the superior and inferior ends of its right atrial portion.

Exam 2 Flashcards

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