When are stressors helpful / harmful?
Helpful with easy tasks, moderate and high but not low arousal can all help with performance.
Helpful with mentally difficult tasks, moderate but not low or high arousal can help.
Harmful if prolonged. Duration is important.
Stages of stress response
- Alarm - fight or flight
- Body resists which takes energy. Eventually you restore. If resistance is prolonged, one’s body wears out.
- Exhaustion
How does psychological factors directly impact health? Indirectly?
Seems backwards but it directly affects it by increasing stress and indirectly by affecting one’s behavior (say their eating habits).
What is psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how the mind impacts the immune and nervous system.
Social aspects influencing stress
Social support and social appraisal/criticism
Maladaptive was of dealing with stress
Suppression
Positive ways of dealing with stress
Exercise, nutrition, social support, talking about it
Motivational interviewing
Extracts what stage of change a person is in (are they ready for change? Are the approaching readiness? Are they engaged in change?)
Cognitive explanation of PTSD
Upsets underlying assumptions about safety, oneself (bad things don’t happen to good people), the world, life.
Reactive attachment disorder
Children are overly clingy or lots of displacement (?)
General DSM-5 Classification of PTSD
Trauma and stressors (moved from anxiety related)
Difference in PTSD in DSM-5 compared to 4
No longer have ‘fear, helplessness, or horror’ as required reactions.
Social cultural factors for developing PTSD
- Proximity, 2. severity, 3. duration, 4. social support, 5. adjusting to culture, 6. access to resource
Psychological factors for developing PTSD
- Sense of personal safety, 2. Behavioral avoidance,
Biological factors for developing PTSD
- Psychological hyperactivity, 2. Genetics
How PFC is involved in PTSD
Misjudgments about threat
Most effective PTSD therapy
Exposure, cognitive processing therapy (thinking it through).
Stage theory
You need to take PTSD in stages. 1. Safety and self-care, 2. Cognitive processing, 3. Reconnection
Required length of most anxiety disorders
6 months!
Kindling model of panic disorder
- Poor reg of locus ceruleus
- Panic attack
- Lowers threshold of chronic anxiety (due to thoughts, worry, etc)
- Further poor reg of lc
- Panic attack
Suffocation false alarm theory
Brains of those with panic disorder are hypersensitive to Carbon dioxide.
Compulsion vs Obession
Comp: Action, Obsession: Urge and wish (no action)
Somatic Symptom Disorder vs Psycho-somatic symptoms
Someone with SSD is characterized as having obsessive maybe exaggerated thoughts about the symptoms (it’s partially in their head). Therapist looks at the psychological response rather than the physical symptoms.
Hypochondriasis in V4 is now what in V5
Illness Anxiety Disorder
