Exam 3

Question 0

Linea alba

Answer 0

the aponeuroses interweave forming this midline raphe extending from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis

Question 1

Umbilicus

Answer 1

Where the umbilical cord, from the placenta, entered the fetus and is the reference point for the transumbilical plane

Question 2

Rectus sheath

Answer 2

between the midclavicular line and the midline, the aponeuroses form this, which enclose the rectus abdominis

Question 3

Transversalis fascia

Answer 3

The fascia lining the deep surface of the transversus abdominis muscle or aponeurosis

Question 4

Thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 4

Extensive fascial complex that has anterior, middle and posterior layers with muscles enclosed between them

Question 5

Intercostal nerves

Answer 5

formed by the anterior rami of T1-T11, run along the extent of the intercostal spaces

Question 6

Posterior intercostal artery

Answer 6

Begins at supreme intercostal arteries (intercostal spaces 1 and 2) and thoracic aorta (remaining intercostal spaces)

Distribution is intercostal muscles and overlying skin, parietal pleura

Question 7

Anterior intercostal artery

Answer 7

Begins at internal thoracic arteries (intercostal spaces 1-6) and musculophrenic arteries (intercostal spaces 7-9)

Distribution is intercostal muscles and overlying skin, parietal pleura

Question 8

Internal thoracic

Answer 8

Subclavian artery origin

Distribution by way of anterior intercostal arteries to intercostal spaces 1-6 and musculophrenic arteries to intercostal spaces 7-9

Question 9

Musculophrenic artery

Answer 9

Origin is internal thoracic artery

Distribution is abdominal wall of hypochondriac region, anterolateral, diaphragm

Question 10

Superior epigastric artery

Answer 10

Origin is internal thoracic artery

Distribution is superior rectus abdominis and superior part of anterolateral abdominal wall

Question 11

Inferior epigastric artery

Answer 11

Origin is external iliac artery

Distribution is inferior rectus abdominis and medial part of anterolateral abdominal wall

Question 12

Areola and nipple

Answer 12

The greatest prominence of the breast=nipple

Circular pigmented area=areola

Question 13

Lactiferous duct

Answer 13

Lobules are drained by these and they open independently on the nipple

Question 14

Suspensory ligaments

Answer 14

Mammary glands are firmly attached to the dermis of the overlying skin by these

Question 15

Mammary gland lobules

Answer 15

Suspensory ligaments are well developed in the superior part of the breast help support these

Question 16

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 16

Thoracolumbar 
T1 to L2/L3
Fight, flight, freeze
Increases blood pressure, increases pupil size
Catabolic

Question 17

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 17

Craniosacral
S2-S4
Rest and digest 
Increased peristalsis, decrease pupil size
Homeostasis
Anabolic

Question 18

Impulse conduction

Answer 18

Presynaptic (preganglionic) neuron synapses with postsynaptic neuron=brain or spinal cord

Postsynaptic (postganglionic) neuron=cell body in autonomic ganglia outside of CNS, postsynaptic fibers synapse on effector organ=cell body in outside CNS)

Question 19

Parasympathetic presynaptic neurons are longer than sympathetic presynaptic neurons.

Answer 19

True. Sympathetic is equal

Question 20

Neurotransmitters

Answer 20

Parasympathetic=acetylcholine

Sympathetic=acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Question 21

Interomediolateral (IML) cell columns

Answer 21

Lateral horns of gray matter

Presynaptic cell bodies located in IML

Column extend from T1 to L2/L3

Question 22

Postsynaptic cells of sympathetic system

Answer 22

Greatly outnumber presynaptic fibers

Para vertebral ganglia=form sympathetic chains/trunks

Prevertebral ganglia=in a plexus around main aortic branches

Question 23

Paravertebral ganglion course

Answer 23

Superior cervical ganglion at base of cranium

Inferior (ganglion impar) at coccyx

Question 24

Sympathetic innervation

Answer 24

Axons of presynaptic neurons exit through anterior (ventral) horn of spinal cord (motor) Fibers reach the sympathetic trunk through the white rami communicans (T1 to L2/L3)

Question 25

Sympathetic trunk presynaptic fibers do one of four things 1

Answer 25

Ascend to synapse with postsynaptic neuron of higher Paravertebral ganglion Head and eye Cell bodies of Superior cervical ganglion go through cephalic artery branch to create peri arterial plexuses to carotid or cranial nerves

Question 26

Sympathetic trunk presynaptic fibers do one of four things 2

Answer 26

Descend in trunk to synapse with postganglionic neuron of lower Paravertebral ganglion

Question 27

Sympathetic trunk presynaptic fibers do one of four things 3

Answer 27

Synapse right away with postsynaptic neuron at that level

Question 28

Sympathetic trunk presynaptic fibers do one of four things 4

Answer 28

Pass through trunk without synapsing (continue on through abdominopelvic Splanchic nerve to reach prevertebral ganglion)

Question 29

Splanchic nerves (sympathetic)

Answer 29

Convey visceral efferent and afferent fibers Postsynaptic fibers for the thoracic cavity pass through cardiopulmonary Splanchic nerves to get to plexuses (cardiac, pulmonary, esophagus)

Question 30

Postsynaptic sympathetic fibers

Answer 30

Sympathetic trunks to anterior rami of spinal nerves through gray rami communicans (enter all 31 branches of spinal nerves including posterior rami to stimulate sympathetic response such as sweating)

Question 31

Supra renal (adrenal gland)

Answer 31

Some presynaptic fibers pass through the prevertebral ganglia without synapsing to end at the medulla of adrenal gland Medullary cells function as a postsynaptic neuron that releases neurotransmitter into the bloodstream to give full body sympathetic response

Question 32

Parasympathetic system

Answer 32

More restricted than sympathetic Goes to head, visceral cavities of trunk and erectile tissue Does not reach the body wall of limbs

Question 33

Parasympathetic visceral motor innervation

Answer 33

Presynaptic neuron cell bodies located in gray matter on cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10=make up cranial parasympathetic outflow Sacral parasympathetic outflow=gray matter of S2-S4 that exit through anterior spinal nerve roots and pelvic Splanchic nerves

Question 34

Cranial nerves

Answer 34

3, 7, 9 head Sacral pelvic viscera 10 vagus nerve thoracic and abdomen, GI except lower parts

Question 35

Visceral afferent sensation

Answer 35

We usually have no sensation from normal organ function If sensation: poorly localized pain, true pain from pathology, chemical irritants Visceral reflexes can be generated by sensation: blood pressure, breathing rate