Exam 3 Respiratory

Question 1

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. Air conduction/gas exchange
2. Phonation
3. Olfaction
4. Heat Regulation
5. Air conditioning
6. protection
7. Acid-base regulation
8. Hormone conversion

Question 2

How can the structures within the respiratory system be divided by function?

Answer 2

1. conductive
2. Transitional
3. Gas exchange

Question 3

What is the conductive system composed of?

Answer 3

nasal cavity
pahrynx
larynx
trachea
Bronchi

Question 4

What is the Transitional system composed of?

Answer 4

Terminal bronchioles

Question 5

What is the gas exchange system composed of?

Answer 5

Respiratory bronchioles

alveoli

Question 6

what are the 4 main functions of the conducting system?

Answer 6

1. Brings air to respiratory portion
2. cleanses, moistens and warms incoming air
3. blood in venous plexuses in mucous memb. of nasal cavity regulates temp. of inhaled air
4. hair and secretions in the nasal cavity trap particulate matter

Question 7

What is the transitional system?

Answer 7

A transition zone b/t the conducting and the gas exchange areas of the respiratory tree

Question 8

What are the terminal bronchioles lined by?

Answer 8

1. club cells
2. non-ciliated secretory cells
3. few ciliated cells
   4 no goblet cells

Question 9

Thin walled structures enveloped by a rich network of capillaries that make up the exchange system.

Answer 9

Alveoli

Question 10

What are the capillaries called that make up the Alveoli

Answer 10

Pulmonary capillaries

Question 11

What are the 2 cell types that line alveoli in the exchange system

Answer 11

1 epithelial type 1

2 type II pneumonocytes

Question 12

Trace air flow through the respiratory tree.

Answer 12

Nasal cavity– Nasopharynx– Larynx– Trachea– Bronchi– Bronchioles– Exchange– Respiratory bronchioles– Alveolar ducts– Alveolar sacs– Alveoli

Question 13

What are the 2 types of defense mechanisms of the respiratory system

Answer 13

1. Non- specific

2. specific

Question 14

What is another name for non specific defense mechanism

Answer 14

non immune mediated

Question 15

What are the 4 ways of the non specific defense mechanism?

Answer 15

1. Mucous trapping
2. Mucociliary clearance
3. phagocytosis
4. Air turbulence

Question 16

What is another name for specific defense mechanism?

Answer 16

immune mediated

Question 17

What are the 3 ways of the specific defense mechanism

Answer 17

1. Antibody production
2. antibody-mediated phagocytosis
3. cell-mediated immunity

Question 18

What lines the respiratory portion of the nasal cavity?

Answer 18

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 19

What types of glands are found in the lamina propria

Answer 19

Tubulo-alveolar glands

Question 20

What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity?

Answer 20

1. Vestibular region
2. Respiratory Region
3. Olfactory Region

Question 21

The initial, external part of the nasal cavity, has a cutaneous mucous memb. haired skin, and glands

Answer 21

Vestibular region

Question 22

What types of cells line the vestibular region of the nasal cavity

Answer 22

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

Question 23

what is the mucociliary apparatus?

Answer 23

The combination of columnar ciliated epithelium and goblet cells found in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

Question 24

projections in the respiratory region that narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and inc. the area of contact of inhaled air with respiratory mucous memb.

Answer 24

Conchae Turbinates

Question 25

How are ciliated epithelial cells connected

Answer 25

Gap junctions

Question 26

What is immotile cilia syndrome

Answer 26

dynein claws missing from cilia

Question 27

what type of cell lines the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

Answer 27

olfactory epithelium with no goblet cells

Question 28

What is thicker, olfactory epithelim, or respiratory epithelium?

Answer 28

olfactory

Question 29

What are the 3 cell types found in the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 29

1. Olfactory neurons 2. Supporting/sustentacular cells 3. Basal cells

Question 30

What are swell bodies?

Answer 30

aka venous plecuses found in olfactory and respiratory regions which re distended with blood

Question 31

Which cranial nerve is found in olfactory region?

Answer 31

Cr N 1

Question 32

What is the vomero-nasal organ?

Answer 32

Mainly used to detect pheromones

Question 33

What cell type lines the Larynx

Answer 33

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 34

after the vocal chords, what lines the larynx?

Answer 34

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 35

what cell type lines the trachea?

Answer 35

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 36

What cell type lines the bronchi?

Answer 36

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 37

What do the glands of the bronchus secreate?

Answer 37

mucin, lactoferrin and lysozyme

Question 38

T/F Bronchioles lack cartilage and glands

Answer 38

T

Question 39

bronchi branch into _______

Answer 39

Bronchioles

Question 40

What are the two subdivisions of bronchioles?

Answer 40

1. Terminal | 2. respiratory

Question 41

What cell types line the terminal bronchioles?

Answer 41

Ciliated cuboidal cells with few to no goblet cells

Question 42

What are club cells?

Answer 42

located in terminal and respiratory bronchioles that metabolize airborne toxins

Question 43

What does respiratory bronchioles subdivide into?

Answer 43

alveolar ducts

Question 44

Where do alveolar ducts empty into?

Answer 44

alveolar sacs and alveoli

Question 45

What cell type lines the alveoli?

Answer 45

Simple squamous epithelial cells

Question 46

Alveoli are lined by 2 distinct epithelial cells:

Answer 46

1. Pneumocytes type I | 2. Pneumocytes type II

Question 47

What are alveolar pores of kohn?

Answer 47

Pores that connect neighboring alveoli that provides equalization of pressure and collateral ventilation if bronchiole is obstructed

Question 48

Where are collagen type III fibers found?

Answer 48

Alveolar wall

Question 49

where are collagen type I fibers found?

Answer 49

Conducting airways

Question 50

What forms the walls of alveoli?

Answer 50

Pneumocyte Type I Aka. Squamous Alveolar type I cell Pneumocyte Type II

Question 51

What are some features of Pneumocyte type I?

Answer 51

1. Extremely thin 2. occluding junctions to prevent fluid passage 3. gas permeability 4. not mitotic

Question 52

What is Pneumocyte type II

Answer 52

account for 5% of alveolar SA Secratory cell, produces surfactant, can be mitotic

Question 53

What is surfactant?

Answer 53

Mono-molecular layer of phospholipoprotein that functions to reduce surface tension, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli

Question 54

What is the absence of surfactant in newborns known as?

Answer 54

Hyaline Membrane Disease

Question 55

What are the 3 layers of the Air-Blood Barrier?

Answer 55

1. Cytoplasm of pneumocyte type I covered by surfactant 2. Two fused basal laminae of alveolar epithelium and endothelium of capillary 3. Endothelium

Question 56

Trace the passage of O2 through the air-blood barrier.

Answer 56

Surfactant-- Cyto. fo type I alveolar cell-- Basal Lamina of type I cell-- Basal lamina of endothelial cell-- Cyto. of Endothelial cell-- Capillary RBCs

Question 57

What are the two types of pulmonary macrophages?

Answer 57

1. alveolar macrophages (PAMs) | 2. Intravascular Macrophages (PIMs)

Question 58

T/F. There are no lymphatic vessels in alveolar walls.

Answer 58

T

Question 59

Covering of the lungs, composed of connective tissue and lined by simple squamous epithelium

Answer 59

Visceral pleura

Question 60

Covering the thoracic wall, diaphragm, and mediastinum

Answer 60

Parietal pleura

Question 61

Name of cells that compose the pleura

Answer 61

Mesothelial cells