Final Exam Digestive part 1 & 2 Flashcards by Victoria Smith

Accumulation of Saliva forming a fluid filled mass adjacent to a ruptured salivary duct

Sialocele

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Liquid secreted by Salivary glands

Saliva

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What are the functions of saliva?

digestion
Provide moisture & lubrication
Local immunity
Cooling/evaporating

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What is saliva composed of?

Water
Salts
Mucin
enzymes
IgA
Lactoferrin

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How are salivary glands divided?

Major salivary glands

2. minor salivary glands

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What are the major salivary glands?

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

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What are the minor salivary glands?

lingual, palatal, labial, buccal, zygomatic, molar

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What are the 2 main components of Large salivary glands?

Stroma and parenchyma

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What is the purpose of the stroma of large salivary gland

Support

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what is contained in the stroma of large salivary glands?

blood and lymph vessels

nerves and ganglia

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What are the 2 parts of the parenchyma found in large salivary glands?

Secretory units

2. Ducts

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What are the secretory units found in large salivary glands?

Adenomeres

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What types of secretion do the ssecretary units of large salivary glands secrete?

serous
mucous
mixed

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What are the 3 types of ducts found in large salivary glands?

intercalated
intralobular
striated intralobular

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Largest visceral organ of the body

Liver

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What are the 2 blood supplies for the liver sinusoids?

portal vein

2. hepatic artery

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What is included in the portal triad in the liver?

hepatic artery
portal vein
branch of bile duct

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What covers the lobes of the liver?

mesothelium/Capsule of Glisson

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What is the mesothlium covering the liver called?

The capsule of glisson

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Parenchymal cells arranged in plates with adjacent sinusoids in the liver

Hepatocytes

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How are liver plates organized?

Hepatic lobes

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Brings blood from the intestine to the liver

Portal vein

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why is the portal vein imortant?

brings nutrient rich blood from intestine to liver

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How are complex lipids transported to the liver

Lymph vessels

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T/F bile is an endocrine secretion of the liver?

F. Exocrine secretion

Why is bile important?

Digestion

What are the 2 poles of a hepatocyte?

1. Bile pole | 2. Vascular pole

site of exchange between blood and hepatocyte in liver?

Space of Disse

a thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes.

Bile canaliculus

major functional unit of liver

Hepatocytes

Where blood comes in and out of hepatocyte

Vascular pole

Where bile is secreted from hepatocyte

Bile pole

What type of endothelial does liver have?

Fenestrated? | Not sure if correct

What is the function of hepatocytes?

Storage of metabolites/energy

Carbohydrates and Lipids are stored in the liver in the form of _______ and _______

Triglycerides and glycogen

In which direction does blood flow in the sinusoids of the liver?

toward the central vein

macrophages located adjacent to sinusoids in liver?

Kupffer cells

In which direction does bile flow in the sinusoids of the liver?

opp. blood in direction of bile ductules withing the portal triads

what is the classic liver lobule?

Hepatic lobule

What is another name for mononuclear macrophage system?

RES- Reticulo Endothelial System

Macrophages in Loose contective tissue

Histiocytes

Macrophages in lungs

Alveolar macrophages

Vascular flow pattern between lobules

Hepatic Acinus

Describe Hepatic Acinus

Flow begins at triad and flows towards central veins via sinusoidal capillaries

What are the 3 zones of the hepatic Acinus

1. zone 1 2. zone 2 3. zone 3

Describe zone 1 of hepatic Acinus

1 high O2 2. High nutrients 3. High pathogen exposure

Describe zone 2 of hepatic Acinus

1. Moderate O2 2. moderate nutrients 3. moderate pathogen exposure

Describe zone 3 of hepatic acinus

1. Low O2 2. Low nutrients 3. Low pathogen exposure

Organ that accepts bile from cystic duct for storage

Gallbladder

what surrounds the gallbladder?

Tunica serosa

T/F the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine function?

what are the secretory units of the exocrine pancreas?

tubuloacinar secretory units

Where do the tubuloacinar units in the pancreas drain?

into intercalated ducts

What are the secretory units of the endocrine pancreas?

Islets of langerhan

What are the 2 main components of the pancreas?

1. Stroma | 2. Parenchyma

What is the stroma of the pancreas made up of?

vessels, lymph, nerves

What are pacinian corpuscles

Nerves in the pancreas that are more prominent in cats

What are the 2 parencyma types in the pancreas?

1. endocrine | 2. exocrine

T/F. the pancreas has more of an encocrine function that an exocrine function

F. more exocrine

What are the 2 parts of the exocrine pancreas?

1. Secratory part | 2. ducts

what is the secretory part of the exocrine pancreas?

Acini

What are the 2 components of the acini found in the pancreas?

1. acinar cell | 2. centroacinar cells

What are the 2 types of ducts found in the pancreas

1. intralobular without striations 2. intralobular with striations 3. extrapancreatic ducts

What are the 5 functions of the GI system

1. Prehension 2. Mechanical and enzymatidc breakdown 3. Absorption 4. Synthesis/ secretion 5. excretion of waste material

What lines the the Gi tract from the lips to the non- glandular stomach

Stratified squamous epithelium

What lines the glandular stomach and the intestine

Simple columnar epithelium

What are the 5 parts of the oral cavity

lips, cheeks, palate, pharynx, tongue

What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?

strat squam

T/F the submucosa of the oral cavity is missing?

What is different about the oral cavity of ruminants?

have dental pad

What type of epithelium covers the tongue

strat. squam

What covers the dorsal aspect of the tongue

papillae

What are the 2 types of papillae located on the tongue

mechanical and gustatory

What is the main component of the tongue?

Skeletal muscle

How is the skeletal muscle of the tongue arranged?

3 directions 1. longitudinal 2. transversal 3. vertical

Layer of strat. squam epithelium covering the tongue

tunica mucosa

What are the 2 parts of a tooth?

1. hard structures | 2. soft tissues

What cells produce the enamel that covers the external surface of teeth

ameloblasts

What are the layers of a tooth

1. enamel 2. dentin 3. cementum 4. pulp

What cells produce dentin?

odontoblasts

what are the soft tissues of the tooth

Pulp and peridontal lig.

What are the 3 parts of the tooth?

1. Crown 2. Neck 3. Root

What cells make up the enamel?

Ameloblasts

What cells make up the Dentin

Ondontoblast

What types of cells make up cementum

Cementoblasts

What is tooth pulp composed of?

Loose connective tissue and nerves

What are the 4 tunics of the digestive organs

1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis 4. Serosa

What are the 3 layers of the mucosal layer covering the digestive organs

1. inner epithelium 2. middle lamina propria 3. thin outer muscularis mucosae

What are the 2 layers of the muscularis layer covering the digestive organs.

1. inner circular | 2. outer longitudinal

What lines the tunica serosa

Mesothelium

What is the submucosal layer made up of?

loose connective tissue, may also contain glands, vessels, nerves and lymph nodes

What is the purpose of the submucosa?

Facilitates motility of the mucosa

What is the purpose of the tunica muscularis

controls the lumen size

Two autonomic nervous system divisions in the same location in enteric wall

Plexus

The most external tunic covering organs

Tunica serosa

What type of epithelium covers the esophagus

strat. squam

T/F the esophagus has mucous glands.

What are the 2 diff. areas of the stomach?

1. non glandular/Cutaneous | 2. glandular

What is the junction between the glandular and non-glandular parts of the stomach called?

Margo Plicatus

What are the 3 diff. types of stomachs animals may have?

1. simple 2. compound 3. composite

What is a simple stomach

carnivores and humans have glandular mucosa only

What is a compound stomach

Found in ruminants non glandular mucosa in forestomach and glandular stomach

What are the 4 parts of the compound stomach

1. rumen 2. reticulum 3. omasum 4 abomasum

What is the true stomach in ruminants

Abomasum

what is a composite stomach

found in pigs and horses has glandular and cutaneous mucous membranes

What type of epithelium lines the compartments of the compound stomach

strat. squam

Which compartment of the compound stomach is the largest?

Rumen

Which compartment of the compound stomach has a honeycomb pattern?

Reticulum

Which compartment of the compound stomach is called the butcher's bible b/c of the many plies?

Omasum

What is the function of the rumen and reticulum

mixing, absortion, erucation, regurgitation,

what is the function of the omasum?

squeezes ingesta, liquefies and moves it to abomasum for further diestion

What are the 3 glandular regions of the stomach found in domestic animals?

1. cardiac 2. fundic 3. pyloric

Which region of the stomach is closest to the esophagus

Cardiac

Invagination of lining epithelium in the stomach?

Gastric pits

What is the cardiac region of the stomach composed of?

mucous glands

What is the fundic region of the stomach composed of?

proper gastric glands

What are the 3 types of gastric glands found in the stomach?

1. Cardiac glands 2. proper gastric glands (fundic glands0 3. pyloric glands

What cell type lines the stomach glands?

simple columnar

What cell types are found in the fundic region of the stomach along with the glands?

1. parietal cells | 2. chief/peptic cells

What do parietal cells produce?

hydrochloric acid

What do chief cells in the stomach produce

Pepsinogen

What hormone is produced in the pyloric region of the stomach

Gastrin

What do chief cells produce in infants?

Chymosin

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum

What are the 3 parts of the large intestine

1. caecum 2. colon 3. Rectum

What cells line the small and large intestines?

simple columnar with goblet cells

T/F. as you move from small to large intestine the number of goblet cells dec.?

F. they increase

T/F As you move from small intestine to large the height of the microvili inc.?

F. they Dec.

T/F there are submucosal glands present in the duodenum?

Where in the digestive tract are villi found?

Small intestine

What lies at the base of villi in the sm. intestine?

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

What is found at the center of the villi?

Lacteals

What gland is found in the submucosa of the duodenum?

Brunner's

Blind ended lymphatic vessels in intestinal villi

Lacteals

What is the name for the substance that filters through intestinal lymph nodes

Chyle

Aggregations of lymphoid nodules present in the lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestine

Peyer's Patches

What part of the intestine can peyers patches be found?

distal jejunum and ileum

Where are paneth cells located?

near the crypt

what is the function of paneth cells

secretory and phagocytic functions produce cryptdin and lysins

Where are enteroendocrine cells found?

in the crypts

What do enteroendocrine cells produce?

Serotonin, glucoinsulotropic peptide, catecholamines and more

What is the function of the large intestine?

Absorb water and secrete mucus

T/F the large intestine does not contain villi

What are the flat bands of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in horse and pig large intestine called

Taenia coli

T/F the large intestine contains cyrpts of Lieberkuhn

Which part of GI tract has both villi and intestinal glands also known as rypts of lieberkuhn

Sm intestine

Which part of GI tract has no villi, surface is smooth, only crypts of lieberkuhn are present

Large intestine

Which part of GI tract contains Brunner's glands in the tunica submucosa

Duodenum

Which part of GI tract contains payers patches in tela submucosa

Ileum

What type of epithelium lines the anal canal?

Strat. squam

T/F the strat. squam epithelium lining the Anus is keritinized

stores feces and secretes mucus?

Rectum

What is the rectum called in birds and reptiles

cloaca

What are the 3 diff. glandular regions of the anus?

1. anal glands 2. Anal Sac Glands 3. Circumanal glands

Where do anal glands empty?

Lumen of anus

Where do Anal Sac glands empty?

into anal sacs

where are anal sacs located

Between the inner smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter and the outer skeletal muscle

what type of glands are anal sacs in dogs?

tubular sweat glands

What type of glands are anal sacs in the cat?

sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands

Where are circumanal glands found?

near the subcutis around the anus indogs

Final Exam Digestive part 1 & 2 Flashcards

(160 cards)