Exam 4

Question 1

What constitutes physical fitness

Answer 1

the ability to perform moderate to vigorous exercise without a significant amount of fatigue

Question 2

physical activity

Answer 2

bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle

Question 3

excercise

Answer 3

intentional physical acitivty

Question 4

3 short term benefits of execerise

Answer 4

1. increased fitness
2. increased muscle
3. decreased fat

Question 5

3 long term benefits of exercise

Answer 5

1. decreased CVD
2. decreased DM2
3. decreased stroke

Question 6

4 types of exercise

Answer 6

1. resistance
2. cardiorespiratory
3. flexibility
4. neuromotor

Question 7

what are the 4 main pathways for ATP production

Answer 7

1. glycolysis
2. creatine phosphate
3. glucose oxidation
4. fat oxidation

Question 8

Rank the 4 energy producing pathways from fastest to slowest

Answer 8

1. creatine phosphate
2. glycolysis
3. glucose oxidation
4. fat oxidation

Question 9

What 3 things can occur with prolonged aerobic exercise over time

Answer 9

1. increased heart size
2. increased blood flow
3. increased mitochondria count

Question 10

As exercise intensity INCREASES, what happens to the amount of energy that is produced from fat

Answer 10

decreases

Question 11

What are 2 measures of exercise intensity

Answer 11

1. VO2max

2. Borg rating of perceived exertion

Question 12

What is the relationship between muscle glycogen stores and time to exhaustion

Answer 12

The more muscle glycogen stores, the longer till time of exhaustion

Question 13

When carb loading, how much carbs are taken in

Answer 13

10-12g per kg of body weight

Question 14

What are the 3 aspects of the female athlete triad

Answer 14

1. low energy intake
2. osteoporosis
3. menstrual dysfunction

Question 15

3 things that influence obesity

Answer 15

1. genetics
2. environment
3. behavior

Question 16

What is one of the main reasons having excess body fat is bad

Answer 16

adipose tissue secretes a variety of hormones which lead to inflammation and can have a variety of negative health consequences

Question 17

Name 3 specific health consequences of obesity

Answer 17

1. fatty liver
2. CVD
3. DM2

Question 18

What two things control short term hunger

Answer 18

1. ghrelin (hunger)

2. stomach pressure

Question 19

How does long term hunger adjust itself

Answer 19

adjusts energy intake to maintain fat storages

Question 20

Explain the hormonal system for short term energy balance

Answer 20

1. decrease of energy nutrients in the blood
2. stomach increased production of ghrelin
3. ghrelin tells the brain the body is hungry
4. need to eat is felt

Question 21

Explain the hormonal system for long term energy balance

Answer 21

1. increased amount of adipose tissue leads to an increased production of leptin
2. leptin communicates with the brain to decreased hunger
3. food intake will be less and energy expenditure will be more

Question 22

What most effectible inhibits ghrelin

Answer 22

carbohydrates

Question 23

Satiation

Answer 23

sense of fullness, leads to stopping eating

Question 24

Satiety

Answer 24

lacking interest in food between meals

Question 25

What are both Satiation and Satiety affected by

Answer 25

1. gastric distension | 2. gut hormones

Question 26

Hunger vs Appetite

Answer 26

Hunger is a biological impulse while appetite is stimulated by our enviroment

Question 27

What are the 3 components of total energy expenditure

Answer 27

1. basal metabolism 2. thermic effect of food 3. physical activity

Question 28

Thermic effect of food

Answer 28

energy needed to digest, absorb, and metabolize nutrients in our food.

Question 29

Why is the apple obese pattern more unhealthy

Answer 29

accumulation of visceral fat around organs

Question 30

3 other ways to measure body composition

Answer 30

1. DEXA 2. skin fold 3. air displacement

Question 31

What are the gender needs for body fat

Answer 31

men 3-5 | women 10-12

Question 32

3 sx of low body fat

Answer 32

1. delayed physical maturation 2. infertility 3. accelerated bone loss

Question 33

when is weight loss reccomended

Answer 33

obese + 2 other risk factors

Question 34

What was the cause of the goiter belt and how was it solved

Answer 34

the soil was deficient in iodine iodine was added to table salt

Question 35

How much of the trace minerals are required daily

Answer 35

<100mg

Question 36

What are 4 things that influence the bioavaliablity of trace minerals

Answer 36

1. form of food 2. mineral content of food 3. age 4. pregnancy status

Question 37

What does the iodine content of food depend on

Answer 37

iodine in the soil the food was in

Question 38

How does an iodine deficiency lead to goiter

Answer 38

The pituitary gland produces TSH to cause the thyroid to release thyroxine. However, without iodine, there is not a sufficient production of thyroxine. Because thyroxine isn't produced, TSH levels remain elevated and the thyroid gland enlarges as a result

Question 39

2 diseases associated with iodine deficiency

Answer 39

1. hypothyroidism | 2. cretinism

Question 40

3 sx of hypothroidsm

Answer 40

1. decreased metabolism 2. decreased body temp 3. goiter

Question 41

3 sx of cretinism and when does cretinism occur

Answer 41

1. mental retardation 2. deafness 3. stunted growth mild iodine deficiency in pregnancy

Question 42

What is the most abundant trace mineral

Answer 42

iron

Question 43

What are the two forms of iron in the body and which the majority

Answer 43

1. heme iron (hemoglobin/myoglobin) 2. non heme iron (cofactor) heme iron

Question 44

What can increase absorption of iron

Answer 44

vitamin c

Question 45

What are two causes of anemia

Answer 45

1. insufficient iron intake | 2. blood loss

Question 46

3 at risk groups for anemia

Answer 46

1. children 2. pregnant 3. menstruating women

Question 47

3 sx of anemia

Answer 47

1. SOB 2. fatigue 3. poor performance

Question 48

Why does anemia take awhile to arrive at

Answer 48

we can store a good amount of iron

Question 49

Explain the absorption and transport of iron

Answer 49

1. ingested iron is converted from Fe3+ --> Fe2+ by stomach acid 2. Major absorption sites are duodenum and upper jejunum 3. when in intestines, ferritin made by intestinal cells proportional to amount of iron stores. It binds with iron 4. iron enters intestinal lumen 5. iron binds with transferin and enters blood 6. transferin binds to tranferin receptors on target cells 7. cell engulfs tranferin 8. lysosome releases iron from transferin

Question 50

How is iron excerted

Answer 50

Iron that was taken into mucosal cells is lost when mucosal cells are excreted

Question 51

3 functions of zinc

Answer 51

1. cofactor 2. cell division 3. growth and development

Question 52

3 sx of zinc deficiency

Answer 52

1. delayed sexual maturation 2. stunted growth 3. decreased weight

Question 53

3 functions of copper

Answer 53

1. cofactor 2. energy metabolism 3. antioxidant

Question 54

How much of ultra trace minerals do we need

Answer 54

<1 micro gram per day not essential

Question 55

3 sx of copper deficiency

Answer 55

1. anemia 2. decreased immune function 3. osteoporosis

Question 56

3 functions of selenium

Answer 56

1. cofactor 2. thyroid hormone activtation 3. normal development

Question 57

2 sx of selenium deficiency

Answer 57

1. decreased immune function | 2. heart disease

Question 58

function of chromium

Answer 58

insulin action

Question 59

2 functions of fluoride

Answer 59

1. teeth enamel | 2. prevents carries

Question 60

Health claims

Answer 60

FDA approved links an ingredient with a decreased risk of a condition

Question 61

qualified health claims

Answer 61

FDA approved based on emerging evidence

Question 62

Structure function claim

Answer 62

describes a function in the body without listing a specific disease