Vitamins

Question 1

Which vitamin is most likely to give you toxicity symptoms

Answer 1

vitamin A

Question 2

Bioavaliability

Answer 2

the degree to which nutrients can be absorbed and utilized by the body

Question 3

3 things that can influence bioavaliablity

Answer 3

1. present/absence of chronic diseases 2. age 3. alcohol abuse

Question 4

How can our bodies synthesize and activate vitamin D

Answer 4

cholesterol + UV radiation = vitamin D liver and kidney enzymes activate it.

Question 5

What is the predominant form of vitamin D found in our food

Answer 5

D2 Ergocalciferol

Question 6

What happens to 80% of ingested vitamin D

Answer 6

incorporated into micelles

Question 7

1 cause of non-traumatic blindness worldwide?

Answer 7

Vitamin A deficiency

Question 8

Distinguish between Retinoids and Carotenoids

Answer 8

Retinoids are the most significant form in our diet and are called pre formed vitamin A because they are already active. Carotenoids have to be converted to Retinoids to be active.

Question 9

Explain vitamin A absorbtion

Answer 9

1. retinyl esters are converted to retinol in SI
2. once absorbed, retinol re forms retinyl esters
3. retinyl esters are packed into chylomicrons and sent to liver
4. liver mobilizes stored vitamin a as retinol + retinol binding protein + transthyretin
5. complex binds with retinol binding protein receptors on target cells
6. endocytocisis and package with cellular transport protein
7. complex binds with RAR/RXR nuclear receptors
8. complex interacts with DNA to influence gene expression

Question 10

3 sx of vitamin A deficiency

Answer 10

1. blindness 2. night blindness 3. dry skin

Question 11

3 sx of vitamin A toxicity

Answer 11

1. GI issues 2. visual issues 3. HA

Question 12

2 functions of vitamin E

Answer 12

1. antioxidant 2. cell membrane integrity

Question 13

2 sx of vitamin E deficiency

Answer 13

1. anemia 2. nervous sx damange

Question 14

2 functions of vitamin k

Answer 14

1. coagulation via prothrombin 2. osteocalcin formation

Question 15

What is the only water soluble vitamin that isn’t a coenzyme

Answer 15

choline

Question 16

B1

Answer 16

Thiamin

Question 17

B2

Answer 17

riboflavin

Question 18

B3

Answer 18

Niacin

Question 19

B5

Answer 19

Pantothenic acid

Question 20

B6

Answer 20

Pyridoxine

Question 21

B7

Answer 21

Biotin

Question 22

B9

Answer 22

folate

Question 23

B12

Answer 23

cobalamin

Question 24

2 Functions of Thiamin B1

Answer 24

1. coenzyme TPP 2. neurotransmitter production

Question 25

2 diseases associated with thiamin defiency

Answer 25

**1.** **beriberi​** * muscular wasting * AMS * fatigue **2. Werneke-Korsakoff** * AMS

Question 26

2 functions of Niacin B3

Answer 26

1. Coenzyme NAD/NADP 2. DNA repair

Question 27

Disease associated with niacin deficiency

Answer 27

**Pellagra** * dermatitis around neck * AMS * fatigue * diarrhea

Question 28

How can our bodies synthesize niacin

Answer 28

with tryptophan

Question 29

1 function of riboflavin

Answer 29

conezyme FMN/FAD

Question 30

disease associated with riboflavin deficiency

Answer 30

**Arabiflavinosis** * tongue cracking * tongue swelling * mouth swelling * throat swelling

Question 31

1 function of pyridoxine B6

Answer 31

coenzyme coA

Question 32

3 functions of Folate B9

Answer 32

1. coenzyme tetrahyrofolic acid 2. DNA synth 3. nervous sx development

Question 33

3 consequences of a folate deficiency

Answer 33

1. spinal bidifda 2. encephaly 3. anemia

Question 34

3 functions of cobalamin

Answer 34

1. coenzyme 2. maintain the myelin sheath 3. homocysteine to methionine

Question 35

3 sx of cobalamin deficiency

Answer 35

1. anemia 2. weakness 3. AMS

Question 36

2 functions of choline

Answer 36

1. acetylcholine 2. phospholipids

Question 37

1 sx of a choline deficiency

Answer 37

liver damage

Question 38

2 functions of vitamin C

Answer 38

1. coenzyme 2. collagin synth (Triple helix)

Question 39

Disease associated with vitamin c deficiency

Answer 39

**Scurvy** * bleeding gums * decreased immune function * decreased wound healing * bruising

Question 40

Explain vitamin B12 absorbtion

Answer 40

1. free B12 binds with R protein from the salivary glands 2. in the stomach, HCl and pepsin frees B12 from protein 3. B12 leaves the stomach bound to K protein 4. In SI, pancreatic protease releases B12 from K protein 5. B12 binds with intrinsic factor from parietal cells 6. B12/intrinsic factor is absorbed 7. B12/intrinsic factor binds with transcobalamin in blood 8. enters liver via protal vein